Integration by parts for an oscillatory integral












0












$begingroup$


I want to understand a certain integration by parts argument in Treves' book Introduction to Pseudodifferential and Fourier Integral Operators (It appears in the proof of Theorem 4.1). Here is a self-contained description of the result:



Let $b:Omegatimes Omega times mathbb{R^n}rightarrow mathbb{C}$ be an amplitude of order $min mathbb{R}$ on an open subset $Omegasubset mathbb{R}^n$. That means $b$ is smooth and for every compact set $Ksubset Omegatimes Omega$ there is a constant $C>0$ such that
$$
vert D^alpha_xD^beta_yD^gamma_{xi}b(x,y,xi)vert le C (1+vert xivert^2)^{(m-vert gammavert )/2} quad text{for } (x,y)in K, xi in mathbb{R^n},
$$

where $D^alpha=i^{-vert alphavert}partial_1^{alpha_1}dots partial_n^{alpha_n}$. Now fix some multiindex $alpha$ and consider
$$
b_alpha(x,y,xi)=(y-x)^alpha b(x,y,xi)quad text{and} quad tilde b_alpha(x,y,xi)=D_xi^alpha b(x,y,xi),
$$

both of which are amplitudes having orders $m$ and $m -vert alphavert$ respectively. Treves claimes that both amplitudes give rise to the same pseudodifferential operators and proves this by by the following integration by parts for the respective Schwartz kernels $k_alpha$ and $tilde k_alpha$:



$$
begin{align}
k_alpha(x,y)
&:=int_{mathbb{R^n}}e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} b_alpha(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
&= int_{mathbb{R^n}}(y-x)^alpha e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} b(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
&= int_{mathbb{R^n}}(-D_xi)^alpha e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} b(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
&= int_{mathbb{R^n}} e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} D_xi^alpha b(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
&= int_{mathbb{R^n}} e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} tilde b_alpha(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} =: tilde k_alpha(x,y).
end{align}
$$

Note that all the integrals are to be understood as oscillatory integrals, so the integration by parts needs further justification.



Here is how I want to justify the integration by parts: Take $chi:mathbb{R}^nrightarrow[0,1]$ smooth, $chi equiv 1$ in a neighbourhood of $0$ and $chi(xi)=0$ for $vert xivert ge 1$. Define
$$
k_{alpha,epsilon}(x,y):=int_{mathbb{R^n}}e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} (y-x)^alpha b(x,y,xi)chi(epsilon xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n},
$$

then $k_{alpha,epsilon}in C^infty(Omegatimes Omega)$ and $k_{alpha,epsilon} rightarrow k_alpha$ as distributions on $Omegatimes Omega$ (by the definition of oscillatory integrals). Now for each of the regularised integrals we can perform the desired integration by parts and use the Leibniz rule to find that
$$
k_{alpha,epsilon}(x,y)=sum_{0le nule alpha } k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y),
$$

where
$$
k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y) = int_mathbb{R^n}e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} epsilon^{vert nuvert} D^nuchi(epsilon xi) a^nu(x,y,xi) frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n},
$$

where $a^nu$ is an amplitude of order $m-vert alphavert + nu$. In particular, for $nu=0$ we have $a^nu = tilde b_alpha$ and thus $k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu rightarrow tilde k_alpha$ as distributions (again by the very definition of oscillatory integrals).



Question 1: In order to complete the justification, we need to prove that $k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu rightarrow 0$ as distribution on $OmegatimesOmega$, when $nuneq 0$. Is this correct and are my considerations so far OK?



Here are my thoughts so far: Upon the change of variable $eta = epsilon xi$ we have
$$
k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y) = epsilon^{vert nuvert - n } int_mathbb{R^n}e^{iepsilon^{-1} (x-y)cdot eta} D^nuchi(eta) a^nu(x,y,epsilon^{-1} eta) frac{deta}{(2pi)^n}
$$

and after taking absolute values of the integrand and using the amplitude estimate we find (for $(x,y)$ lying in a compact set $K$)
$$
vert k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y) vert lesssim_K epsilon^{nu - n } cdot epsilon^{-(m-vert alphavert + nu)} = epsilon^{vert alpha vert -(m+n)},
$$

which tends to $0$ for large enough $alpha$. This is in general not enough and further it strikes me as odd that this result seems to be independent of $nu$ (wouldn't this imply that $tilde k_alpha = 0$ for high enough $alpha$?). To get better estimates, do we maybe need some kind of stationary phase argument? (But how to use it here: The symbol we are integrating against the oscillation depends on $epsilon$ as well.)



Question 2: My estimates seem to be faulty because I don't believe in the consequence it would have for high $alpha$. Where is my mistake? How to save the argument?










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$

















    0












    $begingroup$


    I want to understand a certain integration by parts argument in Treves' book Introduction to Pseudodifferential and Fourier Integral Operators (It appears in the proof of Theorem 4.1). Here is a self-contained description of the result:



    Let $b:Omegatimes Omega times mathbb{R^n}rightarrow mathbb{C}$ be an amplitude of order $min mathbb{R}$ on an open subset $Omegasubset mathbb{R}^n$. That means $b$ is smooth and for every compact set $Ksubset Omegatimes Omega$ there is a constant $C>0$ such that
    $$
    vert D^alpha_xD^beta_yD^gamma_{xi}b(x,y,xi)vert le C (1+vert xivert^2)^{(m-vert gammavert )/2} quad text{for } (x,y)in K, xi in mathbb{R^n},
    $$

    where $D^alpha=i^{-vert alphavert}partial_1^{alpha_1}dots partial_n^{alpha_n}$. Now fix some multiindex $alpha$ and consider
    $$
    b_alpha(x,y,xi)=(y-x)^alpha b(x,y,xi)quad text{and} quad tilde b_alpha(x,y,xi)=D_xi^alpha b(x,y,xi),
    $$

    both of which are amplitudes having orders $m$ and $m -vert alphavert$ respectively. Treves claimes that both amplitudes give rise to the same pseudodifferential operators and proves this by by the following integration by parts for the respective Schwartz kernels $k_alpha$ and $tilde k_alpha$:



    $$
    begin{align}
    k_alpha(x,y)
    &:=int_{mathbb{R^n}}e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} b_alpha(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
    &= int_{mathbb{R^n}}(y-x)^alpha e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} b(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
    &= int_{mathbb{R^n}}(-D_xi)^alpha e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} b(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
    &= int_{mathbb{R^n}} e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} D_xi^alpha b(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
    &= int_{mathbb{R^n}} e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} tilde b_alpha(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} =: tilde k_alpha(x,y).
    end{align}
    $$

    Note that all the integrals are to be understood as oscillatory integrals, so the integration by parts needs further justification.



    Here is how I want to justify the integration by parts: Take $chi:mathbb{R}^nrightarrow[0,1]$ smooth, $chi equiv 1$ in a neighbourhood of $0$ and $chi(xi)=0$ for $vert xivert ge 1$. Define
    $$
    k_{alpha,epsilon}(x,y):=int_{mathbb{R^n}}e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} (y-x)^alpha b(x,y,xi)chi(epsilon xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n},
    $$

    then $k_{alpha,epsilon}in C^infty(Omegatimes Omega)$ and $k_{alpha,epsilon} rightarrow k_alpha$ as distributions on $Omegatimes Omega$ (by the definition of oscillatory integrals). Now for each of the regularised integrals we can perform the desired integration by parts and use the Leibniz rule to find that
    $$
    k_{alpha,epsilon}(x,y)=sum_{0le nule alpha } k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y),
    $$

    where
    $$
    k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y) = int_mathbb{R^n}e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} epsilon^{vert nuvert} D^nuchi(epsilon xi) a^nu(x,y,xi) frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n},
    $$

    where $a^nu$ is an amplitude of order $m-vert alphavert + nu$. In particular, for $nu=0$ we have $a^nu = tilde b_alpha$ and thus $k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu rightarrow tilde k_alpha$ as distributions (again by the very definition of oscillatory integrals).



    Question 1: In order to complete the justification, we need to prove that $k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu rightarrow 0$ as distribution on $OmegatimesOmega$, when $nuneq 0$. Is this correct and are my considerations so far OK?



    Here are my thoughts so far: Upon the change of variable $eta = epsilon xi$ we have
    $$
    k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y) = epsilon^{vert nuvert - n } int_mathbb{R^n}e^{iepsilon^{-1} (x-y)cdot eta} D^nuchi(eta) a^nu(x,y,epsilon^{-1} eta) frac{deta}{(2pi)^n}
    $$

    and after taking absolute values of the integrand and using the amplitude estimate we find (for $(x,y)$ lying in a compact set $K$)
    $$
    vert k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y) vert lesssim_K epsilon^{nu - n } cdot epsilon^{-(m-vert alphavert + nu)} = epsilon^{vert alpha vert -(m+n)},
    $$

    which tends to $0$ for large enough $alpha$. This is in general not enough and further it strikes me as odd that this result seems to be independent of $nu$ (wouldn't this imply that $tilde k_alpha = 0$ for high enough $alpha$?). To get better estimates, do we maybe need some kind of stationary phase argument? (But how to use it here: The symbol we are integrating against the oscillation depends on $epsilon$ as well.)



    Question 2: My estimates seem to be faulty because I don't believe in the consequence it would have for high $alpha$. Where is my mistake? How to save the argument?










    share|cite|improve this question











    $endgroup$















      0












      0








      0


      2



      $begingroup$


      I want to understand a certain integration by parts argument in Treves' book Introduction to Pseudodifferential and Fourier Integral Operators (It appears in the proof of Theorem 4.1). Here is a self-contained description of the result:



      Let $b:Omegatimes Omega times mathbb{R^n}rightarrow mathbb{C}$ be an amplitude of order $min mathbb{R}$ on an open subset $Omegasubset mathbb{R}^n$. That means $b$ is smooth and for every compact set $Ksubset Omegatimes Omega$ there is a constant $C>0$ such that
      $$
      vert D^alpha_xD^beta_yD^gamma_{xi}b(x,y,xi)vert le C (1+vert xivert^2)^{(m-vert gammavert )/2} quad text{for } (x,y)in K, xi in mathbb{R^n},
      $$

      where $D^alpha=i^{-vert alphavert}partial_1^{alpha_1}dots partial_n^{alpha_n}$. Now fix some multiindex $alpha$ and consider
      $$
      b_alpha(x,y,xi)=(y-x)^alpha b(x,y,xi)quad text{and} quad tilde b_alpha(x,y,xi)=D_xi^alpha b(x,y,xi),
      $$

      both of which are amplitudes having orders $m$ and $m -vert alphavert$ respectively. Treves claimes that both amplitudes give rise to the same pseudodifferential operators and proves this by by the following integration by parts for the respective Schwartz kernels $k_alpha$ and $tilde k_alpha$:



      $$
      begin{align}
      k_alpha(x,y)
      &:=int_{mathbb{R^n}}e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} b_alpha(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
      &= int_{mathbb{R^n}}(y-x)^alpha e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} b(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
      &= int_{mathbb{R^n}}(-D_xi)^alpha e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} b(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
      &= int_{mathbb{R^n}} e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} D_xi^alpha b(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
      &= int_{mathbb{R^n}} e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} tilde b_alpha(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} =: tilde k_alpha(x,y).
      end{align}
      $$

      Note that all the integrals are to be understood as oscillatory integrals, so the integration by parts needs further justification.



      Here is how I want to justify the integration by parts: Take $chi:mathbb{R}^nrightarrow[0,1]$ smooth, $chi equiv 1$ in a neighbourhood of $0$ and $chi(xi)=0$ for $vert xivert ge 1$. Define
      $$
      k_{alpha,epsilon}(x,y):=int_{mathbb{R^n}}e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} (y-x)^alpha b(x,y,xi)chi(epsilon xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n},
      $$

      then $k_{alpha,epsilon}in C^infty(Omegatimes Omega)$ and $k_{alpha,epsilon} rightarrow k_alpha$ as distributions on $Omegatimes Omega$ (by the definition of oscillatory integrals). Now for each of the regularised integrals we can perform the desired integration by parts and use the Leibniz rule to find that
      $$
      k_{alpha,epsilon}(x,y)=sum_{0le nule alpha } k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y),
      $$

      where
      $$
      k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y) = int_mathbb{R^n}e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} epsilon^{vert nuvert} D^nuchi(epsilon xi) a^nu(x,y,xi) frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n},
      $$

      where $a^nu$ is an amplitude of order $m-vert alphavert + nu$. In particular, for $nu=0$ we have $a^nu = tilde b_alpha$ and thus $k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu rightarrow tilde k_alpha$ as distributions (again by the very definition of oscillatory integrals).



      Question 1: In order to complete the justification, we need to prove that $k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu rightarrow 0$ as distribution on $OmegatimesOmega$, when $nuneq 0$. Is this correct and are my considerations so far OK?



      Here are my thoughts so far: Upon the change of variable $eta = epsilon xi$ we have
      $$
      k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y) = epsilon^{vert nuvert - n } int_mathbb{R^n}e^{iepsilon^{-1} (x-y)cdot eta} D^nuchi(eta) a^nu(x,y,epsilon^{-1} eta) frac{deta}{(2pi)^n}
      $$

      and after taking absolute values of the integrand and using the amplitude estimate we find (for $(x,y)$ lying in a compact set $K$)
      $$
      vert k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y) vert lesssim_K epsilon^{nu - n } cdot epsilon^{-(m-vert alphavert + nu)} = epsilon^{vert alpha vert -(m+n)},
      $$

      which tends to $0$ for large enough $alpha$. This is in general not enough and further it strikes me as odd that this result seems to be independent of $nu$ (wouldn't this imply that $tilde k_alpha = 0$ for high enough $alpha$?). To get better estimates, do we maybe need some kind of stationary phase argument? (But how to use it here: The symbol we are integrating against the oscillation depends on $epsilon$ as well.)



      Question 2: My estimates seem to be faulty because I don't believe in the consequence it would have for high $alpha$. Where is my mistake? How to save the argument?










      share|cite|improve this question











      $endgroup$




      I want to understand a certain integration by parts argument in Treves' book Introduction to Pseudodifferential and Fourier Integral Operators (It appears in the proof of Theorem 4.1). Here is a self-contained description of the result:



      Let $b:Omegatimes Omega times mathbb{R^n}rightarrow mathbb{C}$ be an amplitude of order $min mathbb{R}$ on an open subset $Omegasubset mathbb{R}^n$. That means $b$ is smooth and for every compact set $Ksubset Omegatimes Omega$ there is a constant $C>0$ such that
      $$
      vert D^alpha_xD^beta_yD^gamma_{xi}b(x,y,xi)vert le C (1+vert xivert^2)^{(m-vert gammavert )/2} quad text{for } (x,y)in K, xi in mathbb{R^n},
      $$

      where $D^alpha=i^{-vert alphavert}partial_1^{alpha_1}dots partial_n^{alpha_n}$. Now fix some multiindex $alpha$ and consider
      $$
      b_alpha(x,y,xi)=(y-x)^alpha b(x,y,xi)quad text{and} quad tilde b_alpha(x,y,xi)=D_xi^alpha b(x,y,xi),
      $$

      both of which are amplitudes having orders $m$ and $m -vert alphavert$ respectively. Treves claimes that both amplitudes give rise to the same pseudodifferential operators and proves this by by the following integration by parts for the respective Schwartz kernels $k_alpha$ and $tilde k_alpha$:



      $$
      begin{align}
      k_alpha(x,y)
      &:=int_{mathbb{R^n}}e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} b_alpha(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
      &= int_{mathbb{R^n}}(y-x)^alpha e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} b(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
      &= int_{mathbb{R^n}}(-D_xi)^alpha e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} b(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
      &= int_{mathbb{R^n}} e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} D_xi^alpha b(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} \
      &= int_{mathbb{R^n}} e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} tilde b_alpha(x,y,xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n} =: tilde k_alpha(x,y).
      end{align}
      $$

      Note that all the integrals are to be understood as oscillatory integrals, so the integration by parts needs further justification.



      Here is how I want to justify the integration by parts: Take $chi:mathbb{R}^nrightarrow[0,1]$ smooth, $chi equiv 1$ in a neighbourhood of $0$ and $chi(xi)=0$ for $vert xivert ge 1$. Define
      $$
      k_{alpha,epsilon}(x,y):=int_{mathbb{R^n}}e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} (y-x)^alpha b(x,y,xi)chi(epsilon xi)frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n},
      $$

      then $k_{alpha,epsilon}in C^infty(Omegatimes Omega)$ and $k_{alpha,epsilon} rightarrow k_alpha$ as distributions on $Omegatimes Omega$ (by the definition of oscillatory integrals). Now for each of the regularised integrals we can perform the desired integration by parts and use the Leibniz rule to find that
      $$
      k_{alpha,epsilon}(x,y)=sum_{0le nule alpha } k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y),
      $$

      where
      $$
      k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y) = int_mathbb{R^n}e^{i(x-y)cdot xi} epsilon^{vert nuvert} D^nuchi(epsilon xi) a^nu(x,y,xi) frac{dxi}{(2pi)^n},
      $$

      where $a^nu$ is an amplitude of order $m-vert alphavert + nu$. In particular, for $nu=0$ we have $a^nu = tilde b_alpha$ and thus $k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu rightarrow tilde k_alpha$ as distributions (again by the very definition of oscillatory integrals).



      Question 1: In order to complete the justification, we need to prove that $k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu rightarrow 0$ as distribution on $OmegatimesOmega$, when $nuneq 0$. Is this correct and are my considerations so far OK?



      Here are my thoughts so far: Upon the change of variable $eta = epsilon xi$ we have
      $$
      k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y) = epsilon^{vert nuvert - n } int_mathbb{R^n}e^{iepsilon^{-1} (x-y)cdot eta} D^nuchi(eta) a^nu(x,y,epsilon^{-1} eta) frac{deta}{(2pi)^n}
      $$

      and after taking absolute values of the integrand and using the amplitude estimate we find (for $(x,y)$ lying in a compact set $K$)
      $$
      vert k_{alpha,epsilon}^nu(x,y) vert lesssim_K epsilon^{nu - n } cdot epsilon^{-(m-vert alphavert + nu)} = epsilon^{vert alpha vert -(m+n)},
      $$

      which tends to $0$ for large enough $alpha$. This is in general not enough and further it strikes me as odd that this result seems to be independent of $nu$ (wouldn't this imply that $tilde k_alpha = 0$ for high enough $alpha$?). To get better estimates, do we maybe need some kind of stationary phase argument? (But how to use it here: The symbol we are integrating against the oscillation depends on $epsilon$ as well.)



      Question 2: My estimates seem to be faulty because I don't believe in the consequence it would have for high $alpha$. Where is my mistake? How to save the argument?







      real-analysis pseudo-differential-operators microlocal-analysis oscillatory-integral






      share|cite|improve this question















      share|cite|improve this question













      share|cite|improve this question




      share|cite|improve this question








      edited Dec 5 '18 at 18:39







      Jan Bohr

















      asked Dec 5 '18 at 11:47









      Jan BohrJan Bohr

      3,3071521




      3,3071521






















          0






          active

          oldest

          votes











          Your Answer





          StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
          return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function () {
          StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix) {
          StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
          });
          });
          }, "mathjax-editing");

          StackExchange.ready(function() {
          var channelOptions = {
          tags: "".split(" "),
          id: "69"
          };
          initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

          StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
          // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
          if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
          StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
          createEditor();
          });
          }
          else {
          createEditor();
          }
          });

          function createEditor() {
          StackExchange.prepareEditor({
          heartbeatType: 'answer',
          autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
          convertImagesToLinks: true,
          noModals: true,
          showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
          reputationToPostImages: 10,
          bindNavPrevention: true,
          postfix: "",
          imageUploader: {
          brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
          contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
          allowUrls: true
          },
          noCode: true, onDemand: true,
          discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
          ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
          });


          }
          });














          draft saved

          draft discarded


















          StackExchange.ready(
          function () {
          StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3026975%2fintegration-by-parts-for-an-oscillatory-integral%23new-answer', 'question_page');
          }
          );

          Post as a guest















          Required, but never shown

























          0






          active

          oldest

          votes








          0






          active

          oldest

          votes









          active

          oldest

          votes






          active

          oldest

          votes
















          draft saved

          draft discarded




















































          Thanks for contributing an answer to Mathematics Stack Exchange!


          • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

          But avoid



          • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

          • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.


          Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


          To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




          draft saved


          draft discarded














          StackExchange.ready(
          function () {
          StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3026975%2fintegration-by-parts-for-an-oscillatory-integral%23new-answer', 'question_page');
          }
          );

          Post as a guest















          Required, but never shown





















































          Required, but never shown














          Required, but never shown












          Required, but never shown







          Required, but never shown

































          Required, but never shown














          Required, but never shown












          Required, but never shown







          Required, but never shown







          Popular posts from this blog

          How to change which sound is reproduced for terminal bell?

          Title Spacing in Bjornstrup Chapter, Removing Chapter Number From Contents

          Can I use Tabulator js library in my java Spring + Thymeleaf project?