Limit of an increasing sequence of measures is again a measure












1












$begingroup$


Suppose $(u_n)_{n=1}^{infty}$ is a sequence of increasing positive measures on a measurable space. Here increasing means that $u_n(A)leq u_{n+1} (A)$ for any measurable set $Asubseteq X$.



I am trying to show that the set function $u$ defined on the measure as follows is also a positive measure,$$u (A) = lim_{nrightarrowinfty} u_n(A) = sup u_n(A).$$



My attempt:



Clearly $u(A) geq 0$ for any measureable $A$. Also it is clear that $u(emptyset) = 0$ since for each $nin mathbb{N}$ we have $u_n(emptyset) = 0$. Now, $u$ is also $sigma$-additive since,



$$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= sup_n u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = sup_n Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u_n(A_i)leq Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} sup_n u_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$



Also,



$$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) $$



But



$$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$



These two inequalities show that $ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$.



I have found this proof but struggle to understand why it follows that $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)$$ aswell as why $$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i)$$ holds. Any help greatly appreciated and thanks in advance!










share|cite|improve this question









$endgroup$

















    1












    $begingroup$


    Suppose $(u_n)_{n=1}^{infty}$ is a sequence of increasing positive measures on a measurable space. Here increasing means that $u_n(A)leq u_{n+1} (A)$ for any measurable set $Asubseteq X$.



    I am trying to show that the set function $u$ defined on the measure as follows is also a positive measure,$$u (A) = lim_{nrightarrowinfty} u_n(A) = sup u_n(A).$$



    My attempt:



    Clearly $u(A) geq 0$ for any measureable $A$. Also it is clear that $u(emptyset) = 0$ since for each $nin mathbb{N}$ we have $u_n(emptyset) = 0$. Now, $u$ is also $sigma$-additive since,



    $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= sup_n u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = sup_n Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u_n(A_i)leq Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} sup_n u_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$



    Also,



    $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) $$



    But



    $$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$



    These two inequalities show that $ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$.



    I have found this proof but struggle to understand why it follows that $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)$$ aswell as why $$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i)$$ holds. Any help greatly appreciated and thanks in advance!










    share|cite|improve this question









    $endgroup$















      1












      1








      1


      1



      $begingroup$


      Suppose $(u_n)_{n=1}^{infty}$ is a sequence of increasing positive measures on a measurable space. Here increasing means that $u_n(A)leq u_{n+1} (A)$ for any measurable set $Asubseteq X$.



      I am trying to show that the set function $u$ defined on the measure as follows is also a positive measure,$$u (A) = lim_{nrightarrowinfty} u_n(A) = sup u_n(A).$$



      My attempt:



      Clearly $u(A) geq 0$ for any measureable $A$. Also it is clear that $u(emptyset) = 0$ since for each $nin mathbb{N}$ we have $u_n(emptyset) = 0$. Now, $u$ is also $sigma$-additive since,



      $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= sup_n u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = sup_n Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u_n(A_i)leq Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} sup_n u_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$



      Also,



      $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) $$



      But



      $$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$



      These two inequalities show that $ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$.



      I have found this proof but struggle to understand why it follows that $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)$$ aswell as why $$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i)$$ holds. Any help greatly appreciated and thanks in advance!










      share|cite|improve this question









      $endgroup$




      Suppose $(u_n)_{n=1}^{infty}$ is a sequence of increasing positive measures on a measurable space. Here increasing means that $u_n(A)leq u_{n+1} (A)$ for any measurable set $Asubseteq X$.



      I am trying to show that the set function $u$ defined on the measure as follows is also a positive measure,$$u (A) = lim_{nrightarrowinfty} u_n(A) = sup u_n(A).$$



      My attempt:



      Clearly $u(A) geq 0$ for any measureable $A$. Also it is clear that $u(emptyset) = 0$ since for each $nin mathbb{N}$ we have $u_n(emptyset) = 0$. Now, $u$ is also $sigma$-additive since,



      $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= sup_n u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = sup_n Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u_n(A_i)leq Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} sup_n u_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$



      Also,



      $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) $$



      But



      $$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$



      These two inequalities show that $ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$.



      I have found this proof but struggle to understand why it follows that $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)$$ aswell as why $$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i)$$ holds. Any help greatly appreciated and thanks in advance!







      real-analysis measure-theory






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      asked Jan 2 at 10:06









      Michael MaierMichael Maier

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          1 Answer
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          2












          $begingroup$

          The first one is easy.
          If $
          ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)
          $
          for all $nge 1$, then by taking $ntoinfty$, we have
          $ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim_{ntoinfty}left[u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)right]= lim_{ntoinfty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig).$ The second one follows from monotone convergence theorem. For each fixed $N$, we have
          $$
          lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
          $$
          Take $Nto infty$ and we get
          $$
          lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
          $$
          The other direction is obviously true. It holds
          $$
          sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) le sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i),quadforall nge 1.
          $$
          Then take limit on the left hand side.






          share|cite|improve this answer











          $endgroup$













          • $begingroup$
            First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 10:29












          • $begingroup$
            Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 10:32










          • $begingroup$
            It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
            $endgroup$
            – Song
            Jan 2 at 10:34










          • $begingroup$
            Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 12:43










          • $begingroup$
            And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 12:50












          Your Answer








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          1 Answer
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          active

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          1 Answer
          1






          active

          oldest

          votes









          active

          oldest

          votes






          active

          oldest

          votes









          2












          $begingroup$

          The first one is easy.
          If $
          ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)
          $
          for all $nge 1$, then by taking $ntoinfty$, we have
          $ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim_{ntoinfty}left[u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)right]= lim_{ntoinfty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig).$ The second one follows from monotone convergence theorem. For each fixed $N$, we have
          $$
          lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
          $$
          Take $Nto infty$ and we get
          $$
          lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
          $$
          The other direction is obviously true. It holds
          $$
          sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) le sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i),quadforall nge 1.
          $$
          Then take limit on the left hand side.






          share|cite|improve this answer











          $endgroup$













          • $begingroup$
            First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 10:29












          • $begingroup$
            Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 10:32










          • $begingroup$
            It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
            $endgroup$
            – Song
            Jan 2 at 10:34










          • $begingroup$
            Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 12:43










          • $begingroup$
            And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 12:50
















          2












          $begingroup$

          The first one is easy.
          If $
          ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)
          $
          for all $nge 1$, then by taking $ntoinfty$, we have
          $ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim_{ntoinfty}left[u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)right]= lim_{ntoinfty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig).$ The second one follows from monotone convergence theorem. For each fixed $N$, we have
          $$
          lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
          $$
          Take $Nto infty$ and we get
          $$
          lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
          $$
          The other direction is obviously true. It holds
          $$
          sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) le sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i),quadforall nge 1.
          $$
          Then take limit on the left hand side.






          share|cite|improve this answer











          $endgroup$













          • $begingroup$
            First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 10:29












          • $begingroup$
            Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 10:32










          • $begingroup$
            It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
            $endgroup$
            – Song
            Jan 2 at 10:34










          • $begingroup$
            Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 12:43










          • $begingroup$
            And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 12:50














          2












          2








          2





          $begingroup$

          The first one is easy.
          If $
          ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)
          $
          for all $nge 1$, then by taking $ntoinfty$, we have
          $ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim_{ntoinfty}left[u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)right]= lim_{ntoinfty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig).$ The second one follows from monotone convergence theorem. For each fixed $N$, we have
          $$
          lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
          $$
          Take $Nto infty$ and we get
          $$
          lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
          $$
          The other direction is obviously true. It holds
          $$
          sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) le sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i),quadforall nge 1.
          $$
          Then take limit on the left hand side.






          share|cite|improve this answer











          $endgroup$



          The first one is easy.
          If $
          ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)
          $
          for all $nge 1$, then by taking $ntoinfty$, we have
          $ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim_{ntoinfty}left[u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)right]= lim_{ntoinfty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig).$ The second one follows from monotone convergence theorem. For each fixed $N$, we have
          $$
          lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
          $$
          Take $Nto infty$ and we get
          $$
          lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
          $$
          The other direction is obviously true. It holds
          $$
          sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) le sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i),quadforall nge 1.
          $$
          Then take limit on the left hand side.







          share|cite|improve this answer














          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer








          edited Jan 2 at 15:00

























          answered Jan 2 at 10:24









          SongSong

          18.6k21651




          18.6k21651












          • $begingroup$
            First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 10:29












          • $begingroup$
            Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 10:32










          • $begingroup$
            It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
            $endgroup$
            – Song
            Jan 2 at 10:34










          • $begingroup$
            Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 12:43










          • $begingroup$
            And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 12:50


















          • $begingroup$
            First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 10:29












          • $begingroup$
            Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 10:32










          • $begingroup$
            It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
            $endgroup$
            – Song
            Jan 2 at 10:34










          • $begingroup$
            Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 12:43










          • $begingroup$
            And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
            $endgroup$
            – Michael Maier
            Jan 2 at 12:50
















          $begingroup$
          First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
          $endgroup$
          – Michael Maier
          Jan 2 at 10:29






          $begingroup$
          First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
          $endgroup$
          – Michael Maier
          Jan 2 at 10:29














          $begingroup$
          Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
          $endgroup$
          – Michael Maier
          Jan 2 at 10:32




          $begingroup$
          Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
          $endgroup$
          – Michael Maier
          Jan 2 at 10:32












          $begingroup$
          It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
          $endgroup$
          – Song
          Jan 2 at 10:34




          $begingroup$
          It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
          $endgroup$
          – Song
          Jan 2 at 10:34












          $begingroup$
          Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
          $endgroup$
          – Michael Maier
          Jan 2 at 12:43




          $begingroup$
          Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
          $endgroup$
          – Michael Maier
          Jan 2 at 12:43












          $begingroup$
          And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
          $endgroup$
          – Michael Maier
          Jan 2 at 12:50




          $begingroup$
          And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
          $endgroup$
          – Michael Maier
          Jan 2 at 12:50


















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