Limit of an increasing sequence of measures is again a measure
$begingroup$
Suppose $(u_n)_{n=1}^{infty}$ is a sequence of increasing positive measures on a measurable space. Here increasing means that $u_n(A)leq u_{n+1} (A)$ for any measurable set $Asubseteq X$.
I am trying to show that the set function $u$ defined on the measure as follows is also a positive measure,$$u (A) = lim_{nrightarrowinfty} u_n(A) = sup u_n(A).$$
My attempt:
Clearly $u(A) geq 0$ for any measureable $A$. Also it is clear that $u(emptyset) = 0$ since for each $nin mathbb{N}$ we have $u_n(emptyset) = 0$. Now, $u$ is also $sigma$-additive since,
$$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= sup_n u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = sup_n Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u_n(A_i)leq Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} sup_n u_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$
Also,
$$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) $$
But
$$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$
These two inequalities show that $ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$.
I have found this proof but struggle to understand why it follows that $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)$$ aswell as why $$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i)$$ holds. Any help greatly appreciated and thanks in advance!
real-analysis measure-theory
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Suppose $(u_n)_{n=1}^{infty}$ is a sequence of increasing positive measures on a measurable space. Here increasing means that $u_n(A)leq u_{n+1} (A)$ for any measurable set $Asubseteq X$.
I am trying to show that the set function $u$ defined on the measure as follows is also a positive measure,$$u (A) = lim_{nrightarrowinfty} u_n(A) = sup u_n(A).$$
My attempt:
Clearly $u(A) geq 0$ for any measureable $A$. Also it is clear that $u(emptyset) = 0$ since for each $nin mathbb{N}$ we have $u_n(emptyset) = 0$. Now, $u$ is also $sigma$-additive since,
$$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= sup_n u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = sup_n Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u_n(A_i)leq Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} sup_n u_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$
Also,
$$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) $$
But
$$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$
These two inequalities show that $ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$.
I have found this proof but struggle to understand why it follows that $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)$$ aswell as why $$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i)$$ holds. Any help greatly appreciated and thanks in advance!
real-analysis measure-theory
$endgroup$
add a comment |
$begingroup$
Suppose $(u_n)_{n=1}^{infty}$ is a sequence of increasing positive measures on a measurable space. Here increasing means that $u_n(A)leq u_{n+1} (A)$ for any measurable set $Asubseteq X$.
I am trying to show that the set function $u$ defined on the measure as follows is also a positive measure,$$u (A) = lim_{nrightarrowinfty} u_n(A) = sup u_n(A).$$
My attempt:
Clearly $u(A) geq 0$ for any measureable $A$. Also it is clear that $u(emptyset) = 0$ since for each $nin mathbb{N}$ we have $u_n(emptyset) = 0$. Now, $u$ is also $sigma$-additive since,
$$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= sup_n u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = sup_n Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u_n(A_i)leq Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} sup_n u_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$
Also,
$$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) $$
But
$$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$
These two inequalities show that $ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$.
I have found this proof but struggle to understand why it follows that $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)$$ aswell as why $$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i)$$ holds. Any help greatly appreciated and thanks in advance!
real-analysis measure-theory
$endgroup$
Suppose $(u_n)_{n=1}^{infty}$ is a sequence of increasing positive measures on a measurable space. Here increasing means that $u_n(A)leq u_{n+1} (A)$ for any measurable set $Asubseteq X$.
I am trying to show that the set function $u$ defined on the measure as follows is also a positive measure,$$u (A) = lim_{nrightarrowinfty} u_n(A) = sup u_n(A).$$
My attempt:
Clearly $u(A) geq 0$ for any measureable $A$. Also it is clear that $u(emptyset) = 0$ since for each $nin mathbb{N}$ we have $u_n(emptyset) = 0$. Now, $u$ is also $sigma$-additive since,
$$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= sup_n u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = sup_n Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u_n(A_i)leq Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} sup_n u_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$
Also,
$$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)= lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) $$
But
$$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$$
These two inequalities show that $ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) = Sigma_{i=1}^{infty} u(A_i)$.
I have found this proof but struggle to understand why it follows that $$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig) ,forall n implies ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim _{nrightarrow infty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)$$ aswell as why $$lim_{nrightarrow infty}Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) =Sigma_{i=1}^{infty}lim _nu_n(A_i)$$ holds. Any help greatly appreciated and thanks in advance!
real-analysis measure-theory
real-analysis measure-theory
asked Jan 2 at 10:06
Michael MaierMichael Maier
859
859
add a comment |
add a comment |
1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
The first one is easy.
If $
ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)
$ for all $nge 1$, then by taking $ntoinfty$, we have
$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim_{ntoinfty}left[u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)right]= lim_{ntoinfty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig).$ The second one follows from monotone convergence theorem. For each fixed $N$, we have
$$
lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
$$ Take $Nto infty$ and we get
$$
lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
$$ The other direction is obviously true. It holds
$$
sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) le sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i),quadforall nge 1.
$$ Then take limit on the left hand side.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:29
$begingroup$
Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:32
$begingroup$
It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
$endgroup$
– Song
Jan 2 at 10:34
$begingroup$
Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:43
$begingroup$
And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:50
|
show 1 more comment
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1 Answer
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1 Answer
1
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
active
oldest
votes
$begingroup$
The first one is easy.
If $
ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)
$ for all $nge 1$, then by taking $ntoinfty$, we have
$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim_{ntoinfty}left[u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)right]= lim_{ntoinfty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig).$ The second one follows from monotone convergence theorem. For each fixed $N$, we have
$$
lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
$$ Take $Nto infty$ and we get
$$
lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
$$ The other direction is obviously true. It holds
$$
sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) le sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i),quadforall nge 1.
$$ Then take limit on the left hand side.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:29
$begingroup$
Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:32
$begingroup$
It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
$endgroup$
– Song
Jan 2 at 10:34
$begingroup$
Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:43
$begingroup$
And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:50
|
show 1 more comment
$begingroup$
The first one is easy.
If $
ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)
$ for all $nge 1$, then by taking $ntoinfty$, we have
$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim_{ntoinfty}left[u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)right]= lim_{ntoinfty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig).$ The second one follows from monotone convergence theorem. For each fixed $N$, we have
$$
lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
$$ Take $Nto infty$ and we get
$$
lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
$$ The other direction is obviously true. It holds
$$
sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) le sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i),quadforall nge 1.
$$ Then take limit on the left hand side.
$endgroup$
$begingroup$
First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:29
$begingroup$
Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:32
$begingroup$
It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
$endgroup$
– Song
Jan 2 at 10:34
$begingroup$
Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:43
$begingroup$
And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:50
|
show 1 more comment
$begingroup$
The first one is easy.
If $
ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)
$ for all $nge 1$, then by taking $ntoinfty$, we have
$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim_{ntoinfty}left[u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)right]= lim_{ntoinfty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig).$ The second one follows from monotone convergence theorem. For each fixed $N$, we have
$$
lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
$$ Take $Nto infty$ and we get
$$
lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
$$ The other direction is obviously true. It holds
$$
sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) le sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i),quadforall nge 1.
$$ Then take limit on the left hand side.
$endgroup$
The first one is easy.
If $
ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)
$ for all $nge 1$, then by taking $ntoinfty$, we have
$ubig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)geq lim_{ntoinfty}left[u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig)right]= lim_{ntoinfty}u_nbig(cup_{i=1}^{infty} A_ibig).$ The second one follows from monotone convergence theorem. For each fixed $N$, we have
$$
lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
$$ Take $Nto infty$ and we get
$$
lim_{nrightarrow infty}sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) ge sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i).
$$ The other direction is obviously true. It holds
$$
sum_{i=1}^{infty}u_n(A_i) le sum_{i=1}^{infty}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i),quadforall nge 1.
$$ Then take limit on the left hand side.
edited Jan 2 at 15:00
answered Jan 2 at 10:24
SongSong
18.6k21651
18.6k21651
$begingroup$
First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:29
$begingroup$
Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:32
$begingroup$
It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
$endgroup$
– Song
Jan 2 at 10:34
$begingroup$
Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:43
$begingroup$
And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:50
|
show 1 more comment
$begingroup$
First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:29
$begingroup$
Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:32
$begingroup$
It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
$endgroup$
– Song
Jan 2 at 10:34
$begingroup$
Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:43
$begingroup$
And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:50
$begingroup$
First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:29
$begingroup$
First of all, thanks! Can you tell me why your equation for fixed N holds, i.e. $lim _{ntoinfty}sum_{i=1}^{N}u_n(A_i)=sum_{i=1}^{N}lim _{ntoinfty}u_n(A_i)$?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:29
$begingroup$
Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:32
$begingroup$
Or does this follow from the fact that every sequence of pairwise disjoint sets in a measure space is additive?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 10:32
$begingroup$
It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
$endgroup$
– Song
Jan 2 at 10:34
$begingroup$
It is because we can change the order of limit and finite sum!
$endgroup$
– Song
Jan 2 at 10:34
$begingroup$
Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:43
$begingroup$
Can you tell me what you mean by stating: The other direction is obviously true?
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:43
$begingroup$
And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:50
$begingroup$
And one last question: When you say you take limits on both sides, do you mean your very last equation? Thanks!
$endgroup$
– Michael Maier
Jan 2 at 12:50
|
show 1 more comment
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