Cfrgtkky

How to make this line longer? And split the head of table to two-rows?

documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{report}



usepackage[usenames]{xcolor}



usepackage[english,czech]{babel}

usepackage{lmodern}

usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

usepackage{textcomp}



usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}



usepackage{dcolumn}        % lepší zarovnání sloupců v tabulkách

usepackage{booktabs}       % lepší vodorovné linky v tabulkách

usepackage{paralist}       % lepší enumerate a itemize

usepackage[usenames]{xcolor}  % barevná sazba

usepackage{lmodern,textcomp}

usepackage{booktabs, makecell}

usepackage[output-decimal-marker={,}]{siunitx}

usepackage{amsmath, amssymb, bm}

usepackage[nottoc]{tocbibind}

usepackage{icomma,dcolumn,booktabs}

setlengthheavyrulewidth{0.25ex}

usepackage{array, cellspace, multirow, tabularx}



newcommand{mc}[1]{multicolumn{1}{c}{#1}}

usepackage{tabularx, ragged2e}





begin{document}





begin{table}small

caption{Původy měření}

setlengthtabcolsep{3pt}

begin{tabularx}{textwidth}{l| c c c}

Xhline{4arrayrulewidth}

&&&\[-10pt]

Parametr & Hodnota & Krok konvergence & Interval hodnot  \[0.33ex]

midrule





Perioda $P$ (dny)&  5,732436&   0,0001& (0;1000)\

Hlavní poloosa $a$& 43,89991&   0,1&    (0;1000)\

Poměr hmotností $q$&    0,3827& 0,01&   (0;100)\

Rychlost $V_{gamma}$&  21,75108&   1&  (-1000;1000)\

Sklon orbity $i$&   80,41989&   1&  (0;180)\

Argument periastru ${omega}$&  147,91851&  1&  (0;180)\

Derivace argumentu periastra $dot omega$& 0,00422&    0,0006875493&   (-1;57,29578)\

Excentricita $e$&   0,0883& 0,001&  (0;1)\

Synchronický parametr primáru $F_1$&    1&  0,1&    (0;1)\

Synchronický parametr primáru $F_1$&    1&  0,1&    (0;1)\

Efektivní teplota primáru $T_1$  ($mathrm{K}$)&   30000&  300&    (3500;50000)\

Efektivní teplota sekundáru $T_1$  ($mathrm{K}$)& 19424&  300&    (3500;50000)\

Povrchový potenciál primáru&    3,50473&    0,2&    (0;1000)\

Povrchový potenciál sekundáru&  5,59423&    0,2&    (0;1000)\

Albedo primáru& 1&  0,01&   (0,6;1)\

Albedo sekundáru&   1&  0,01&   (0;1)\







Xhline{4arrayrulewidth}

addlinespace



end{tabularx}



end{table}



end{document}

EDIT

setlengthtextwidth{145mm}

setlengthtextheight{247mm}

setlengthoddsidemargin{15mm}

setlengthevensidemargin{15mm}

setlengthtopmargin{0mm}

setlengthheadsep{0mm}

setlengthheadheight{0mm}

letopenright=clearpage

A solution with the optional parameter after \ and the usage of nested tables plus vphantom command:

documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{report}



usepackage[usenames]{xcolor}



usepackage[english]{babel}

usepackage{lmodern}

usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

usepackage{textcomp}



usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}



usepackage{dcolumn}        % lepší zarovnání sloupců v tabulkách

usepackage{booktabs}       % lepší vodorovné linky v tabulkách

usepackage{paralist}       % lepší enumerate a itemize

usepackage[usenames]{xcolor}  % barevná sazba

usepackage{lmodern,textcomp}

usepackage{booktabs, makecell}

usepackage[output-decimal-marker={,}]{siunitx}

usepackage{amsmath, amssymb, bm}

usepackage[nottoc]{tocbibind}

usepackage{icomma,dcolumn,booktabs}

setlengthheavyrulewidth{0.25ex}

usepackage{array, cellspace, multirow, tabularx}



newcommand{mc}[1]{multicolumn{1}{c}{#1}}

usepackage{tabularx, ragged2e}





begin{document}



A long text here just to show where the line width is. This text should break at least once



begin{table}small

caption{Původy měření}

setlengthtabcolsep{3pt}

begin{tabular*}{linewidth}{l|@{extracolsep{fill}}c c c}

Xhline{4arrayrulewidth}

&&&\[-10pt]

begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}\[-14pt]Parametr\[-9pt]vphantom{0} end{tabular}& begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}\[-14pt]Hodnota\[-9pt]vphantom{0}end{tabular} & begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}\[-14pt]Krok \[-2.5pt]konvergence\[-6pt]vphantom{0}end{tabular} & begin{tabular}{@{}c@{}}\[-14pt]Interval\[-2.5pt] hodnot\[-6pt]vphantom{0}end{tabular}  \[-6pt]

midrule





Perioda $P$ (dny)&  5,732436&   0,0001& (0;1000)\

Hlavní poloosa $a$& 43,89991&   0,1&    (0;1000)\

Poměr hmotností $q$&    0,3827& 0,01&   (0;100)\

Rychlost $V_{gamma}$&  21,75108&   1&  (-1000;1000)\

Sklon orbity $i$&   80,41989&   1&  (0;180)\

Argument periastru ${omega}$&  147,91851&  1&  (0;180)\

Derivace argumentu periastra $dot omega$& 0,00422&    0,0006875493&   (-1;57,29578)\

Excentricita $e$&   0,0883& 0,001&  (0;1)\

Synchronický parametr primáru $F_1$&    1&  0,1&    (0;1)\

Synchronický parametr primáru $F_1$&    1&  0,1&    (0;1)\

Efektivní teplota primáru $T_1$  ($mathrm{K}$)&   30000&  300&    (3500;50000)\

Efektivní teplota sekundáru $T_1$  ($mathrm{K}$)& 19424&  300&    (3500;50000)\

Povrchový potenciál primáru&    3,50473&    0,2&    (0;1000)\

Povrchový potenciál sekundáru&  5,59423&    0,2&    (0;1000)\

Albedo primáru& 1&  0,01&   (0,6;1)\

Albedo sekundáru&   1&  0,01&   (0;1)\







Xhline{4arrayrulewidth}

addlinespace



end{tabular*}



end{table}



end{document}

Output:

Explanation:

The optional argument after \ is used to reduce (or increase -but here reducing-) the space between current and next row. I am using it to fix the correct spacing and make the one line rows of the table to seem centered in the line, but Also to reduce the last line spacing in order the midrule to not break the vertical lines. For this reason, I added a last line using vphantom{} command and reduced the space there. Also, to break the cells, I used tabulars inside your tabulars that contains @{} before and after the c argument in order to nor create extra space for the column separation.

EDIT: Also used a tabluar* environment instead of tabularx and the command @{extracolsep{fill}} after the first column in order to meke the width of three last columns, filling the line width.

Do not hesitate to ask for more explanation or whatever.

PS:Sorry but didn't have your language installed and removed it from babel options.

By using multirow package you can easily achieve this. Just use usepackage{multirow} in your preamble, and put whatever the things you need inside the multirow environment. In this case, it is you basically your header.

documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{report}



usepackage[usenames]{xcolor}



usepackage[english,czech]{babel}

usepackage{lmodern}

usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

usepackage{textcomp}



usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}



usepackage{dcolumn}        % lepší zarovnání sloupců v tabulkách

usepackage{booktabs}       % lepší vodorovné linky v tabulkách

usepackage{paralist}       % lepší enumerate a itemize

usepackage[usenames]{xcolor}  % barevná sazba

usepackage{lmodern,textcomp}

usepackage{booktabs, makecell}

usepackage[output-decimal-marker={,}]{siunitx}

usepackage{amsmath, amssymb, bm}

usepackage[nottoc]{tocbibind}

usepackage{icomma,dcolumn,booktabs}

setlengthheavyrulewidth{0.25ex}

usepackage{array, cellspace, multirow, tabularx}



newcommand{mc}[1]{multicolumn{1}{c}{#1}}

usepackage{tabularx, ragged2e}



usepackage{multirow}

begin{document}





begin{table}small

caption{Původy měření}

setlengthtabcolsep{3pt}

begin{tabularx}{textwidth}{l| c c c}

Xhline{4arrayrulewidth}

&&&\[-10pt]

multirow{2}{*}{Parametr} & multirow{2}{*}{Hodnota} & Krok  & Interval   \[0.33ex]

 &  & konvergence & hodnot  \[0.33ex]

midrule





Perioda $P$ (dny)&  5,732436&   0,0001& (0;1000)\

Hlavní poloosa $a$& 43,89991&   0,1&    (0;1000)\

Poměr hmotností $q$&    0,3827& 0,01&   (0;100)\

Rychlost $V_{gamma}$&  21,75108&   1&  (-1000;1000)\

Sklon orbity $i$&   80,41989&   1&  (0;180)\

Argument periastru ${omega}$&  147,91851&  1&  (0;180)\

Derivace argumentu periastra $dot omega$& 0,00422&    0,0006875493&   (-1;57,29578)\

Excentricita $e$&   0,0883& 0,001&  (0;1)\

Synchronický parametr primáru $F_1$&    1&  0,1&    (0;1)\

Synchronický parametr primáru $F_1$&    1&  0,1&    (0;1)\

Efektivní teplota primáru $T_1$  ($mathrm{K}$)&   30000&  300&    (3500;50000)\

Efektivní teplota sekundáru $T_1$  ($mathrm{K}$)& 19424&  300&    (3500;50000)\

Povrchový potenciál primáru&    3,50473&    0,2&    (0;1000)\

Povrchový potenciál sekundáru&  5,59423&    0,2&    (0;1000)\

Albedo primáru& 1&  0,01&   (0,6;1)\

Albedo sekundáru&   1&  0,01&   (0;1)\







Xhline{4arrayrulewidth}

addlinespace



end{tabularx}



end{table}



end{document}

which will give you:

your mwe (minimal work example) have many issues:

• in preamble you have really meas with loaded packages (try to grout them regarding their purpose (fonts, tables, math, ...). on this way you will have better overview over used packages)


• do you really need so many package?


• it is sufficient that you load any package only ones


• your report will be more nice if you will use the same design principle at all tables (some your previous table use booktabs rules, this use lines defined by makecell
  


• use of tabularx require that at least one column had to be X type or type derived from it


• use of addlinespace after last rule in table has no sense

off-topic: beside used packages see if the use of the caption package can help you in design of tables' and figures' captions. also for page layout is simpler to use the geometry package as defining borders as you show in edited part of your question.

correction your table code (all changes are market by % <---), in which i didn't consider my off-topic comment, is:

documentclass[12pt,a4paper]{report}



usepackage[english,czech]{babel}

usepackage[T1]{fontenc}

usepackage{lmodern}

usepackage{textcomp}



usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}



usepackage{paralist}           % lepší enumerate a itemize

usepackage[usenames]{xcolor}   % barevná sazba

usepackage[output-decimal-marker={,}]{siunitx}

usepackage{amsmath, amssymb, bm}

usepackage[nottoc]{tocbibind}

usepackage{icomma}             % <--

usepackage{dcolumn}            % lepší zarovnání sloupců v tabulkách

usepackage{array,

            booktabs,           % lepší vodorovné linky v tabulkách

            cellspace,

            makecell,

            multirow,

            tabularx}

newcommand{mc}[1]{multicolumn{1}{c}{#1}}

setlengthheavyrulewidth{0.25ex}



usepackage{ragged2e}



begin{document}

    begin{table}

    caption{Původy měření}

    renewcommandarraystretch{1.2}                 % <---

    small

begin{tabularx}{textwidth}{ @{} X | c c c @{}}    % <---

    Xhline{4arrayrulewidth}

Parametr & Hodnota & makecell{Krok\ konvergence} & makecell{Interval\ hodnot}  \

    Xhline{2arrayrulewidth}

Perioda $P$ (dny)       &  5,732436     & 0,0001    & (0;1000)      \

Hlavní poloosa $a$      & 43,89991      & 0,1       & (0;1000)      \

Poměr hmotností $q$     &  0,3827       & 0,01      & (0;100)       \

Rychlost $V_{gamma}$   &  21,75108     &   1       & (-1000;1000)  \

Sklon orbity $i$        &  80,41989     &   1       & (0;180)       \

Argument periastru ${omega}$                       % <---

                        &  147,91851    &  1&  (0;180)              \

Derivace argumentu periastra $dot{omega}$         % <---

                        & 0,00422       & 0,0006875493  & (-1;57,29578)\

Excentricita $e$        &   0,0883      & 0,001     & 0;1)          \

Synchronický parametr primáru $F_1$ & 1 &  0,1      & (0;1)         \

Synchronický parametr primáru $F_1$ & 1 &  0,1      & (0;1)         \

Efektivní teplota primáru $T_1$ ($mathrm{K}$)      % <---

                        &   30000       & 300       & (3500;50000)  \

Efektivní teplota sekundáru $T_1$ ($mathrm{K}$)    % <---

                        & 19424         & 300       & (3500;50000)  \

Povrchový potenciál primáru & 3,50473   & 0,2       & (0;1000)      \

Povrchový potenciál sekundáru   & 5,59423  & 0,2    & (0;1000)      \

Albedo primáru          & 1             & 0,01      & (0,6;1)       \

Albedo sekundáru        & 1             & 0,01      & (0;1)         \

    Xhline{4arrayrulewidth}

end{tabularx}

    end{table}

end{document}

which gives

however, without use of vertical lines in table and with rules from booktabs you will obtain (according to my taste, of course) nicer table with the same design principle as we suggest you at your others similar question:

    begin{table}

    caption{Původy měření}

    small

begin{tabularx}{textwidth}{ @{} X c c c @{}}    

    toprule                                        % <---

Parametr & Hodnota & makecell{Krok\ konvergence}  & makecell{Interval\ hodnot}  \

    midrule                                        % <---

Perioda $P$ (dny)       &  5,732436     & 0,0001    & (0;1000)      \

Hlavní poloosa $a$      & 43,89991      & 0,1       & (0;1000)      \

Poměr hmotností $q$     &  0,3827       & 0,01      & (0;100)       \

Rychlost $V_{gamma}$   &  21,75108     &   1       & (-1000;1000)  \

Sklon orbity $i$        &  80,41989     &   1       & (0;180)       \

Argument periastru ${omega}$                       % <---

                        &  147,91851    &  1&  (0;180)              \

Derivace argumentu periastra $dot{omega}$         % <---

                        & 0,00422       & 0,0006875493  & (-1;57,29578)\

Excentricita $e$        &   0,0883      & 0,001     & 0;1)          \

Synchronický parametr primáru $F_1$ & 1 &  0,1      & (0;1)         \

Synchronický parametr primáru $F_1$ & 1 &  0,1      & (0;1)         \

Efektivní teplota primáru $T_1$ ($mathrm{K}$)      % <---

                        &   30000       & 300       & (3500;50000)  \

Efektivní teplota sekundáru $T_1$ ($mathrm{K}$)    % <---

                        & 19424         & 300       & (3500;50000)  \

Povrchový potenciál primáru & 3,50473   & 0,2       & (0;1000)      \

Povrchový potenciál sekundáru   & 5,59423  & 0,2    & (0;1000)      \

Albedo primáru          & 1             & 0,01      & (0,6;1)       \

Albedo sekundáru        & 1             & 0,01      & (0;1)         \

    bottomrule                                     % <---

end{tabularx}

    end{table}