If $g:X to [0,infty)$ is defined by $g(x)=d(x,f(x))$, prove that $g$ is uniformly continuous on $X$.












0












$begingroup$


Let $f:X to X$ be a function on a compact metric space $(X,d)$ such that



$d(f(x),f(y)) < d(x,y)$ for all $xneq y$



a) If $g:X to [0,infty)$ is defined by $g(x)=d(x,f(x))$, prove that $g$ is uniformly continuous on $X$.



b) Prove that $f$ has a unique fixed point in X.



My attempt:



a) We must show that $g$ is uniformly continuous on X.
Let $g:X to [0,infty)$ be defined by $g(x)=d(x,f(x))$



Choose $epsilon>0$. Set $delta=epsilon/2$.



Then, let $delta>0$ such that $d(x,y)<delta$,
we have



|$g(x)-g(y)$| = $d(x,f(x))-d(y,f(y))$



=$||x-f(x)|-|y-f(y)||$



$=||x-f(x)+f(x)|-|y-f(y)+f(y)||$



$leq|(|x-f(x)|+f(x))-(|y-f(y)|+f(y))|$



However, I'm stuck in this step,



what I need to do is to somehow make the following inequality



|$g(x)-g(y)| < d(x,y) + d(f(x),f(y))$



which would lead to



$< 2d(x,y) < 2delta leq 2(epsilon/2) leq epsilon$



However, I can't seem to get pass the above step. Any help or suggestions would be greatly appreciated.



For (b) We must show that there exists a unique fixed point $x in X$ s.t. $f(x) = x$, i.e. such that $g(x) = 0$



I know that by compactness there exists a $z in X$ such that $inf_{x in X} g(x) = g(z)$ by Theorem. So existence of this x is given by compactness and continuity, however, I'm stuck following this. I know I still need to prove uniqueness as well, but does the previous statement serve as a proof for existence?



Any help would be greatly appreciated.










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  • 1




    $begingroup$
    $f$ is continuous and so does $d$. So $g$ is continuous on compact space $X$, which means that $g$ is uniformly continuous.
    $endgroup$
    – yoyo
    Dec 8 '18 at 11:37






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    If $g(z)=d(z,f(z))>0$, then $g(f(z))=d(f(z),f^2(z))<d(z,f(z))=g(z)$. Then $g(z)$ is not the minimum value, since $g(f(z))<g(z)$.
    $endgroup$
    – yoyo
    Dec 8 '18 at 11:41


















0












$begingroup$


Let $f:X to X$ be a function on a compact metric space $(X,d)$ such that



$d(f(x),f(y)) < d(x,y)$ for all $xneq y$



a) If $g:X to [0,infty)$ is defined by $g(x)=d(x,f(x))$, prove that $g$ is uniformly continuous on $X$.



b) Prove that $f$ has a unique fixed point in X.



My attempt:



a) We must show that $g$ is uniformly continuous on X.
Let $g:X to [0,infty)$ be defined by $g(x)=d(x,f(x))$



Choose $epsilon>0$. Set $delta=epsilon/2$.



Then, let $delta>0$ such that $d(x,y)<delta$,
we have



|$g(x)-g(y)$| = $d(x,f(x))-d(y,f(y))$



=$||x-f(x)|-|y-f(y)||$



$=||x-f(x)+f(x)|-|y-f(y)+f(y)||$



$leq|(|x-f(x)|+f(x))-(|y-f(y)|+f(y))|$



However, I'm stuck in this step,



what I need to do is to somehow make the following inequality



|$g(x)-g(y)| < d(x,y) + d(f(x),f(y))$



which would lead to



$< 2d(x,y) < 2delta leq 2(epsilon/2) leq epsilon$



However, I can't seem to get pass the above step. Any help or suggestions would be greatly appreciated.



For (b) We must show that there exists a unique fixed point $x in X$ s.t. $f(x) = x$, i.e. such that $g(x) = 0$



I know that by compactness there exists a $z in X$ such that $inf_{x in X} g(x) = g(z)$ by Theorem. So existence of this x is given by compactness and continuity, however, I'm stuck following this. I know I still need to prove uniqueness as well, but does the previous statement serve as a proof for existence?



Any help would be greatly appreciated.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$








  • 1




    $begingroup$
    $f$ is continuous and so does $d$. So $g$ is continuous on compact space $X$, which means that $g$ is uniformly continuous.
    $endgroup$
    – yoyo
    Dec 8 '18 at 11:37






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    If $g(z)=d(z,f(z))>0$, then $g(f(z))=d(f(z),f^2(z))<d(z,f(z))=g(z)$. Then $g(z)$ is not the minimum value, since $g(f(z))<g(z)$.
    $endgroup$
    – yoyo
    Dec 8 '18 at 11:41
















0












0








0





$begingroup$


Let $f:X to X$ be a function on a compact metric space $(X,d)$ such that



$d(f(x),f(y)) < d(x,y)$ for all $xneq y$



a) If $g:X to [0,infty)$ is defined by $g(x)=d(x,f(x))$, prove that $g$ is uniformly continuous on $X$.



b) Prove that $f$ has a unique fixed point in X.



My attempt:



a) We must show that $g$ is uniformly continuous on X.
Let $g:X to [0,infty)$ be defined by $g(x)=d(x,f(x))$



Choose $epsilon>0$. Set $delta=epsilon/2$.



Then, let $delta>0$ such that $d(x,y)<delta$,
we have



|$g(x)-g(y)$| = $d(x,f(x))-d(y,f(y))$



=$||x-f(x)|-|y-f(y)||$



$=||x-f(x)+f(x)|-|y-f(y)+f(y)||$



$leq|(|x-f(x)|+f(x))-(|y-f(y)|+f(y))|$



However, I'm stuck in this step,



what I need to do is to somehow make the following inequality



|$g(x)-g(y)| < d(x,y) + d(f(x),f(y))$



which would lead to



$< 2d(x,y) < 2delta leq 2(epsilon/2) leq epsilon$



However, I can't seem to get pass the above step. Any help or suggestions would be greatly appreciated.



For (b) We must show that there exists a unique fixed point $x in X$ s.t. $f(x) = x$, i.e. such that $g(x) = 0$



I know that by compactness there exists a $z in X$ such that $inf_{x in X} g(x) = g(z)$ by Theorem. So existence of this x is given by compactness and continuity, however, I'm stuck following this. I know I still need to prove uniqueness as well, but does the previous statement serve as a proof for existence?



Any help would be greatly appreciated.










share|cite|improve this question











$endgroup$




Let $f:X to X$ be a function on a compact metric space $(X,d)$ such that



$d(f(x),f(y)) < d(x,y)$ for all $xneq y$



a) If $g:X to [0,infty)$ is defined by $g(x)=d(x,f(x))$, prove that $g$ is uniformly continuous on $X$.



b) Prove that $f$ has a unique fixed point in X.



My attempt:



a) We must show that $g$ is uniformly continuous on X.
Let $g:X to [0,infty)$ be defined by $g(x)=d(x,f(x))$



Choose $epsilon>0$. Set $delta=epsilon/2$.



Then, let $delta>0$ such that $d(x,y)<delta$,
we have



|$g(x)-g(y)$| = $d(x,f(x))-d(y,f(y))$



=$||x-f(x)|-|y-f(y)||$



$=||x-f(x)+f(x)|-|y-f(y)+f(y)||$



$leq|(|x-f(x)|+f(x))-(|y-f(y)|+f(y))|$



However, I'm stuck in this step,



what I need to do is to somehow make the following inequality



|$g(x)-g(y)| < d(x,y) + d(f(x),f(y))$



which would lead to



$< 2d(x,y) < 2delta leq 2(epsilon/2) leq epsilon$



However, I can't seem to get pass the above step. Any help or suggestions would be greatly appreciated.



For (b) We must show that there exists a unique fixed point $x in X$ s.t. $f(x) = x$, i.e. such that $g(x) = 0$



I know that by compactness there exists a $z in X$ such that $inf_{x in X} g(x) = g(z)$ by Theorem. So existence of this x is given by compactness and continuity, however, I'm stuck following this. I know I still need to prove uniqueness as well, but does the previous statement serve as a proof for existence?



Any help would be greatly appreciated.







real-analysis uniform-continuity fixed-point-theorems fixedpoints






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edited Dec 8 '18 at 12:21









Namaste

1




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asked Dec 8 '18 at 11:31









lastgunslingerlastgunslinger

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  • 1




    $begingroup$
    $f$ is continuous and so does $d$. So $g$ is continuous on compact space $X$, which means that $g$ is uniformly continuous.
    $endgroup$
    – yoyo
    Dec 8 '18 at 11:37






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    If $g(z)=d(z,f(z))>0$, then $g(f(z))=d(f(z),f^2(z))<d(z,f(z))=g(z)$. Then $g(z)$ is not the minimum value, since $g(f(z))<g(z)$.
    $endgroup$
    – yoyo
    Dec 8 '18 at 11:41
















  • 1




    $begingroup$
    $f$ is continuous and so does $d$. So $g$ is continuous on compact space $X$, which means that $g$ is uniformly continuous.
    $endgroup$
    – yoyo
    Dec 8 '18 at 11:37






  • 1




    $begingroup$
    If $g(z)=d(z,f(z))>0$, then $g(f(z))=d(f(z),f^2(z))<d(z,f(z))=g(z)$. Then $g(z)$ is not the minimum value, since $g(f(z))<g(z)$.
    $endgroup$
    – yoyo
    Dec 8 '18 at 11:41










1




1




$begingroup$
$f$ is continuous and so does $d$. So $g$ is continuous on compact space $X$, which means that $g$ is uniformly continuous.
$endgroup$
– yoyo
Dec 8 '18 at 11:37




$begingroup$
$f$ is continuous and so does $d$. So $g$ is continuous on compact space $X$, which means that $g$ is uniformly continuous.
$endgroup$
– yoyo
Dec 8 '18 at 11:37




1




1




$begingroup$
If $g(z)=d(z,f(z))>0$, then $g(f(z))=d(f(z),f^2(z))<d(z,f(z))=g(z)$. Then $g(z)$ is not the minimum value, since $g(f(z))<g(z)$.
$endgroup$
– yoyo
Dec 8 '18 at 11:41






$begingroup$
If $g(z)=d(z,f(z))>0$, then $g(f(z))=d(f(z),f^2(z))<d(z,f(z))=g(z)$. Then $g(z)$ is not the minimum value, since $g(f(z))<g(z)$.
$endgroup$
– yoyo
Dec 8 '18 at 11:41












1 Answer
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oldest

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$begingroup$

Note that $f$ is continuous as $$x_nrightarrow ximplies d(x_n,x)rightarrow 0implies d(f(x_n),f(x))rightarrow 0$$ as $d(f(x),f(y))≤d(x,y)$. Next note that $d:X×Xrightarrow [0,infty)$ is continuous , therefore $$x_nrightarrow ximplies (x_n,f(x_n))rightarrow (x,f(x))implies d(x_n,f(x_n))rightarrow d(x,f(x)).$$ Hence $g$ is continuous. Compactness of $X$ implies $g$ is uniformly continuous.



Let if possible $$g(a)=inf_{xin X} d(x,f(x))>0implies d(a,f(a))>0implies anot =f(a)implies d(f(a),f(f(a)))<d(a,f(a))implies g(f(a))<g(a)=inf_{xin X} g(x),$$ contradiction. Hence $g(a)=0implies$ $f$ has a fixed point, namely $a$.



Let $b$ be a fixed point of $f$ and $anot= b$ , then $d(a,b)>0$ and $$d(f(a),f(b))=d(a,b)<d(a,b),$$ contradiction. So $f$ has unique fixed point.



Another way of proving uniform continuity of $g$ is given below :--



$$g(x)=d(x,f(x))≤d(x,y)+d(y,f(y))+d(f(y),f(x))≤2d(x,y)+g(y)implies |g(x)-g(y)|≤2d(x,y),forall x,yin X.$$ The last inequality follows from interchanging the role of $x,y$ and $d(x,y)=d(y,x)$.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    Thank you SOO MUCH!! This was a huge help!
    $endgroup$
    – lastgunslinger
    Dec 8 '18 at 20:02











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$begingroup$

Note that $f$ is continuous as $$x_nrightarrow ximplies d(x_n,x)rightarrow 0implies d(f(x_n),f(x))rightarrow 0$$ as $d(f(x),f(y))≤d(x,y)$. Next note that $d:X×Xrightarrow [0,infty)$ is continuous , therefore $$x_nrightarrow ximplies (x_n,f(x_n))rightarrow (x,f(x))implies d(x_n,f(x_n))rightarrow d(x,f(x)).$$ Hence $g$ is continuous. Compactness of $X$ implies $g$ is uniformly continuous.



Let if possible $$g(a)=inf_{xin X} d(x,f(x))>0implies d(a,f(a))>0implies anot =f(a)implies d(f(a),f(f(a)))<d(a,f(a))implies g(f(a))<g(a)=inf_{xin X} g(x),$$ contradiction. Hence $g(a)=0implies$ $f$ has a fixed point, namely $a$.



Let $b$ be a fixed point of $f$ and $anot= b$ , then $d(a,b)>0$ and $$d(f(a),f(b))=d(a,b)<d(a,b),$$ contradiction. So $f$ has unique fixed point.



Another way of proving uniform continuity of $g$ is given below :--



$$g(x)=d(x,f(x))≤d(x,y)+d(y,f(y))+d(f(y),f(x))≤2d(x,y)+g(y)implies |g(x)-g(y)|≤2d(x,y),forall x,yin X.$$ The last inequality follows from interchanging the role of $x,y$ and $d(x,y)=d(y,x)$.






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$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    Thank you SOO MUCH!! This was a huge help!
    $endgroup$
    – lastgunslinger
    Dec 8 '18 at 20:02
















1












$begingroup$

Note that $f$ is continuous as $$x_nrightarrow ximplies d(x_n,x)rightarrow 0implies d(f(x_n),f(x))rightarrow 0$$ as $d(f(x),f(y))≤d(x,y)$. Next note that $d:X×Xrightarrow [0,infty)$ is continuous , therefore $$x_nrightarrow ximplies (x_n,f(x_n))rightarrow (x,f(x))implies d(x_n,f(x_n))rightarrow d(x,f(x)).$$ Hence $g$ is continuous. Compactness of $X$ implies $g$ is uniformly continuous.



Let if possible $$g(a)=inf_{xin X} d(x,f(x))>0implies d(a,f(a))>0implies anot =f(a)implies d(f(a),f(f(a)))<d(a,f(a))implies g(f(a))<g(a)=inf_{xin X} g(x),$$ contradiction. Hence $g(a)=0implies$ $f$ has a fixed point, namely $a$.



Let $b$ be a fixed point of $f$ and $anot= b$ , then $d(a,b)>0$ and $$d(f(a),f(b))=d(a,b)<d(a,b),$$ contradiction. So $f$ has unique fixed point.



Another way of proving uniform continuity of $g$ is given below :--



$$g(x)=d(x,f(x))≤d(x,y)+d(y,f(y))+d(f(y),f(x))≤2d(x,y)+g(y)implies |g(x)-g(y)|≤2d(x,y),forall x,yin X.$$ The last inequality follows from interchanging the role of $x,y$ and $d(x,y)=d(y,x)$.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$













  • $begingroup$
    Thank you SOO MUCH!! This was a huge help!
    $endgroup$
    – lastgunslinger
    Dec 8 '18 at 20:02














1












1








1





$begingroup$

Note that $f$ is continuous as $$x_nrightarrow ximplies d(x_n,x)rightarrow 0implies d(f(x_n),f(x))rightarrow 0$$ as $d(f(x),f(y))≤d(x,y)$. Next note that $d:X×Xrightarrow [0,infty)$ is continuous , therefore $$x_nrightarrow ximplies (x_n,f(x_n))rightarrow (x,f(x))implies d(x_n,f(x_n))rightarrow d(x,f(x)).$$ Hence $g$ is continuous. Compactness of $X$ implies $g$ is uniformly continuous.



Let if possible $$g(a)=inf_{xin X} d(x,f(x))>0implies d(a,f(a))>0implies anot =f(a)implies d(f(a),f(f(a)))<d(a,f(a))implies g(f(a))<g(a)=inf_{xin X} g(x),$$ contradiction. Hence $g(a)=0implies$ $f$ has a fixed point, namely $a$.



Let $b$ be a fixed point of $f$ and $anot= b$ , then $d(a,b)>0$ and $$d(f(a),f(b))=d(a,b)<d(a,b),$$ contradiction. So $f$ has unique fixed point.



Another way of proving uniform continuity of $g$ is given below :--



$$g(x)=d(x,f(x))≤d(x,y)+d(y,f(y))+d(f(y),f(x))≤2d(x,y)+g(y)implies |g(x)-g(y)|≤2d(x,y),forall x,yin X.$$ The last inequality follows from interchanging the role of $x,y$ and $d(x,y)=d(y,x)$.






share|cite|improve this answer











$endgroup$



Note that $f$ is continuous as $$x_nrightarrow ximplies d(x_n,x)rightarrow 0implies d(f(x_n),f(x))rightarrow 0$$ as $d(f(x),f(y))≤d(x,y)$. Next note that $d:X×Xrightarrow [0,infty)$ is continuous , therefore $$x_nrightarrow ximplies (x_n,f(x_n))rightarrow (x,f(x))implies d(x_n,f(x_n))rightarrow d(x,f(x)).$$ Hence $g$ is continuous. Compactness of $X$ implies $g$ is uniformly continuous.



Let if possible $$g(a)=inf_{xin X} d(x,f(x))>0implies d(a,f(a))>0implies anot =f(a)implies d(f(a),f(f(a)))<d(a,f(a))implies g(f(a))<g(a)=inf_{xin X} g(x),$$ contradiction. Hence $g(a)=0implies$ $f$ has a fixed point, namely $a$.



Let $b$ be a fixed point of $f$ and $anot= b$ , then $d(a,b)>0$ and $$d(f(a),f(b))=d(a,b)<d(a,b),$$ contradiction. So $f$ has unique fixed point.



Another way of proving uniform continuity of $g$ is given below :--



$$g(x)=d(x,f(x))≤d(x,y)+d(y,f(y))+d(f(y),f(x))≤2d(x,y)+g(y)implies |g(x)-g(y)|≤2d(x,y),forall x,yin X.$$ The last inequality follows from interchanging the role of $x,y$ and $d(x,y)=d(y,x)$.







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edited Dec 8 '18 at 13:36

























answered Dec 8 '18 at 13:19









UserSUserS

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1,5541112












  • $begingroup$
    Thank you SOO MUCH!! This was a huge help!
    $endgroup$
    – lastgunslinger
    Dec 8 '18 at 20:02


















  • $begingroup$
    Thank you SOO MUCH!! This was a huge help!
    $endgroup$
    – lastgunslinger
    Dec 8 '18 at 20:02
















$begingroup$
Thank you SOO MUCH!! This was a huge help!
$endgroup$
– lastgunslinger
Dec 8 '18 at 20:02




$begingroup$
Thank you SOO MUCH!! This was a huge help!
$endgroup$
– lastgunslinger
Dec 8 '18 at 20:02


















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