@Paolo's s[::-1] is fastest; a slower approach (maybe more readable, but that's debatable) is ''.join(reversed(s)).

What is the best way of implementing a reverse function for strings?

My own experience with this question is academic. However, if you're a pro looking for the quick answer, use a slice that steps by -1:

>>> 'a string'[::-1]

'gnirts a'

or more readably (but slower due to the method name lookups and the fact that join forms a list when given an iterator), str.join:

>>> ''.join(reversed('a string'))

'gnirts a'

or for readability and reusability, put the slice in a function

def reversed_string(a_string):

    return a_string[::-1]

and then:

>>> reversed_string('a_string')

'gnirts_a'

Longer explanation

If you're interested in the academic exposition, please keep reading.

There is no built-in reverse function in Python's str object.

Here is a couple of things about Python's strings you should know:

1. In Python, strings are immutable. Changing a string does not modify the string. It creates a new one.



2. 
   

   Strings are sliceable. Slicing a string gives you a new string from one point in the string, backwards or forwards, to another point, by given increments. They take slice notation or a slice object in a subscript:

   
   
   

   string[subscript]
   
   

   
   

The subscript creates a slice by including a colon within the braces:

    string[start:stop:step]

To create a slice outside of the braces, you'll need to create a slice object:

    slice_obj = slice(start, stop, step)

    string[slice_obj]

A readable approach:

While ''.join(reversed('foo')) is readable, it requires calling a string method, str.join, on another called function, which can be rather relatively slow. Let's put this in a function - we'll come back to it:

def reverse_string_readable_answer(string):

    return ''.join(reversed(string))

Most performant approach:

Much faster is using a reverse slice:

'foo'[::-1]

But how can we make this more readable and understandable to someone less familiar with slices or the intent of the original author? Let's create a slice object outside of the subscript notation, give it a descriptive name, and pass it to the subscript notation.

start = stop = None

step = -1

reverse_slice = slice(start, stop, step)

'foo'[reverse_slice]

Implement as Function

To actually implement this as a function, I think it is semantically clear enough to simply use a descriptive name:

def reversed_string(a_string):

    return a_string[::-1]

And usage is simply:

reversed_string('foo')

What your teacher probably wants:

If you have an instructor, they probably want you to start with an empty string, and build up a new string from the old one. You can do this with pure syntax and literals using a while loop:

def reverse_a_string_slowly(a_string):

    new_string = ''

    index = len(a_string)

    while index:

        index -= 1                    # index = index - 1

        new_string += a_string[index] # new_string = new_string + character

    return new_string

This is theoretically bad because, remember, strings are immutable - so every time where it looks like you're appending a character onto your new_string, it's theoretically creating a new string every time! However, CPython knows how to optimize this in certain cases, of which this trivial case is one.

Best Practice

Theoretically better is to collect your substrings in a list, and join them later:

def reverse_a_string_more_slowly(a_string):

    new_strings = 

    index = len(a_string)

    while index:

        index -= 1                       

        new_strings.append(a_string[index])

    return ''.join(new_strings)

However, as we will see in the timings below for CPython, this actually takes longer, because CPython can optimize the string concatenation.

Timings

Here are the timings:

>>> a_string = 'amanaplanacanalpanama' * 10

>>> min(timeit.repeat(lambda: reverse_string_readable_answer(a_string)))

10.38789987564087

>>> min(timeit.repeat(lambda: reversed_string(a_string)))

0.6622700691223145

>>> min(timeit.repeat(lambda: reverse_a_string_slowly(a_string)))

25.756799936294556

>>> min(timeit.repeat(lambda: reverse_a_string_more_slowly(a_string)))

38.73570013046265

CPython optimizes string concatenation, whereas other implementations may not:

... do not rely on CPython's efficient implementation of in-place string concatenation for statements in the form a += b or a = a + b . This optimization is fragile even in CPython (it only works for some types) and isn't present at all in implementations that don't use refcounting. In performance sensitive parts of the library, the ''.join() form should be used instead. This will ensure that concatenation occurs in linear time across various implementations.

Quick Answer (TL;DR)

Example

### example01 -------------------

mystring  =   'coup_ate_grouping'

backwards =   mystring[::-1]

print backwards



### ... or even ...

mystring  =   'coup_ate_grouping'[::-1]

print mystring



### result01 -------------------

'''

gnipuorg_eta_puoc

'''

Detailed Answer

Background

This answer is provided to address the following concern from @odigity:

Wow. I was horrified at first by the solution Paolo proposed, but that
took a back seat to the horror I felt upon reading the first
comment: "That's very pythonic. Good job!" I'm so disturbed that such
a bright community thinks using such cryptic methods for something so
basic is a good idea. Why isn't it just s.reverse()?

Problem

• 
  Context
  
  
  
  
  • Python 2.x
  
  
  • Python 3.x
  
  
  
  


• 
  Scenario:
  
  
  
  
  • Developer wants to transform a string
  
  
  • Transformation is to reverse order of all the characters
  
  
  
  

Solution

• example01 produces the desired result, using extended slice notation.

Pitfalls

• Developer might expect something like string.reverse()
  


• The native idiomatic (aka "pythonic") solution may not be readable to newer developers


• Developer may be tempted to implement his or her own version of string.reverse() to avoid slice notation.


• The output of slice notation may be counter-intuitive in some cases:
  
  
  
  
  • see e.g., example02
    
    
    
    
    • print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-4:] ## => 'ping'
    
    
    • compared to
    
    
    • print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-4:-1] ## => 'pin'
    
    
    • compared to
    
    
    • print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-1] ## => 'g'
    
    
    
    
  
  
  • the different outcomes of indexing on [-1] may throw some developers off
  
  
  
  

Rationale

Python has a special circumstance to be aware of: a string is an iterable type.

One rationale for excluding a string.reverse() method is to give python developers incentive to leverage the power of this special circumstance.

In simplified terms, this simply means each individual character in a string can be easily operated on as a part of a sequential arrangement of elements, just like arrays in other programming languages.

To understand how this works, reviewing example02 can provide a good overview.

Example02

### example02 -------------------

## start (with positive integers)

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[0]  ## => 'c'

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[1]  ## => 'o' 

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[2]  ## => 'u' 



## start (with negative integers)

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-1]  ## => 'g'

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-2]  ## => 'n' 

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-3]  ## => 'i' 



## start:end 

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[0:4]    ## => 'coup'    

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[4:8]    ## => '_ate'    

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[8:12]   ## => '_gro'    



## start:end 

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-4:]    ## => 'ping' (counter-intuitive)

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-4:-1]  ## => 'pin'

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-4:-2]  ## => 'pi'

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-4:-3]  ## => 'p'

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-4:-4]  ## => ''

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[0:-1]   ## => 'coup_ate_groupin'

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[0:]     ## => 'coup_ate_grouping' (counter-intuitive)



## start:end:step (or start:end:stride)

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-1::1]  ## => 'g'   

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-1::-1] ## => 'gnipuorg_eta_puoc'



## combinations

print 'coup_ate_grouping'[-1::-1][-4:] ## => 'puoc'

Conclusion

The cognitive load associated with understanding how slice notation works in python may indeed be too much for some adopters and developers who do not wish to invest much time in learning the language.

Nevertheless, once the basic principles are understood, the power of this approach over fixed string manipulation methods can be quite favorable.

For those who think otherwise, there are alternate approaches, such as lambda functions, iterators, or simple one-off function declarations.

If desired, a developer can implement her own string.reverse() method, however it is good to understand the rationale behind this aspect of python.

See also

• alternate simple approach


• alternate simple approach


• 
  alternate explanation of slice notation

A lesser perplexing way to look at it would be:

string = 'happy'

print(string)

'happy'

string_reversed = string[-1::-1]

print(string_reversed)

'yppah'

In English [-1::-1] reads as:

"Starting at -1, go all the way, taking steps of -1"

using slice notation

def rev_string(s): 

    return s[::-1]

using reversed() function

def rev_string(s): 

    return ''.join(reversed(s))

using recursion

def rev_string(s): 

    if len(s) == 1:

        return s



    return s[-1] + rev_string(s[:-1])

Reverse a string in python without using reversed() or [::-1]

def reverse(test):

    n = len(test)

    x=""

    for i in range(n-1,-1,-1):

        x += test[i]

    return x

def reverse(input):

    return reduce(lambda x,y : y+x, input)

This is also an interesting way:

def reverse_words_1(s):

    rev = ''

    for i in range(len(s)):

        j = ~i  # equivalent to j = -(i + 1)

        rev += s[j]

    return rev

or similar:

def reverse_words_2(s):

    rev = ''

    for i in reversed(range(len(s)):

        rev += s[i]

    return rev

Another more 'exotic' way using byterarray which supports .reverse()

b = byterarray('Reverse this!', 'UTF-8')

b.reverse()

b.decode('UTF-8')`

will produce:

'!siht esreveR'

Here is a no fancy one:

def reverse(text):

    r_text = ''

    index = len(text) - 1



    while index >= 0:

        r_text += text[index] #string canbe concatenated

        index -= 1



    return r_text



print reverse("hello, world!")

All of the above solutions are perfect but if we are trying to reverse a string using for loop in python will became a little bit tricky so here is how we can reverse a string using for loop

string ="hello,world"

for i in range(-1,-len(string)-1,-1):

    print (string[i],end=(" ")) 

I hope this one will be helpful for someone.

Thats my way:

def reverse_string(string):

    character_list = 

    for char in string:

        character_list.append(char)

    reversed_string = ""

    for char in reversed(character_list):

        reversed_string += char

    return reversed_string

def reverse_string(string):

    length = len(string)

    temp = ''

    for i in range(length):

        temp += string[length - i - 1]

    return temp



print(reverse_string('foo')) #prints "oof"

This works by looping through a string and assigning its values in reverse order to another string.

original = "string"



rev_index = original[::-1]

rev_func = list(reversed(list(original))) #nsfw



print(original)

print(rev_index)

print(''.join(rev_func))

Here is one without [::-1] or reversed (for learning purposes):

def reverse(text):

    new_string = 

    n = len(text)

    while (n > 0):

        new_string.append(text[n-1])

        n -= 1

    return ''.join(new_string)

print reverse("abcd")

you can use += to concatenate strings but join() is faster.

Recursive method:

def reverse(s): return s[0] if len(s)==1 else s[len(s)-1] + reverse(s[0:len(s)-1])

example:

print(reverse("Hello!"))    #!olleH

Do not know about the efficiency but a short solution found on the MIT lectures is

s = "abcd"



s[-1:-(len(s)+1):-1]

Out[5]: 'dcba'

You may read more about Slices to get a better understanding of this code.

Here is simply:

print "loremipsum"[-1::-1]

and some logically:

def str_reverse_fun():

    empty_list = 

    new_str = 'loremipsum'

    index = len(new_str)

    while index:

        index = index - 1

        empty_list.append(new_str[index])

    return ''.join(empty_list)

print str_reverse_fun()

output:

muspimerol

This is simple and meaningful reverse function, easy to understand and code

def reverse_sentence(text):

    words = text.split(" ")

    reverse =""

    for word in reversed(words):

        reverse += word+ " "

    return reverse

s = 'Hello world'

s[::-1]

in the above example label s or variable s is holding string which contain Hello world string and on second step i m printing reverse of Hello world string by taking starting from everything to everything in reverse step order with -1.