Finding a better approximation to a prime number relation











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FINAL EDIT AND SUMMARY.



The basis of this problem, and that which allows for the approximations to be made here, can be summarised in one approximation:



$$Biggl(frac{n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} Bigrrfloor)}{n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} Bigrrfloor)}Biggr)^{frac{1}{k}}
sim1quadforall n,k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A0)$$



$$frac{Bigllfloor bigl(n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} Bigrrfloor)bigr)^{frac{1}{k}}Bigrrfloor
}{Bigllfloor bigl(n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} Bigrrfloor)bigr)^{frac{1}{k}}Bigrrfloor} =1quadforall n,k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A1)$$



$${gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^k}{n^k} BigrrfloorBigr)}quad Biggl|quad{{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} BigrrfloorBigr)}
$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A2)$$



Defining the above ratio as varsigma:
$$varsigma_{n,k}= frac{{{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} BigrrfloorBigr)}
}{{gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^k}{n^k} BigrrfloorBigr)}}$$



We have the following:



$n lt 2^k Rightarrow varsigma_{n,k}=1$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A3)$$



$varsigma_{n,k}$ is a perfect power $forall n,k in mathbb N, backslash ,{{1}}$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A4)$$



To generalize:



$$varsigma_{n,k,i,j}= frac{{{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{j-1}gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{j},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{,,j}}{n^{,j}} BigrrfloorBigr)}
}{{gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor^{,i}},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{,i}}{n^{,i}} BigrrfloorBigr)}}$$



provided that $j geq i$,we have:



$m^k leq n lt (m+1)^k Rightarrow varsigma_{n,k,i,j} in {{m^N:N in {{1,2,3,...,k}}}}$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A5)$$



reducing the above by setting $i=j$:
$$varsigma_{n,k,j}= lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor^{j-1}$$



$m^k leq n lt (m+1)^k Rightarrow varsigma_{n,k,j}=m^{j-1}$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A6)$$



So the question I am now asking, for that fun person that wants to close this page, is how do I establish a proof for (A5) that will be rigorous and indisputable?



Yesterday I noticed quite a strong fit for the approximation:
$$vartheta _{{n}}=minBiggl(mathcal DBigl(ncdotBigllfloor frac{p_n}{n} BigrrfloorBigr) backslash {{1}}Biggr)$$
$$n-gcd(bigllfloor sqrt {n} bigrrfloor ,vartheta _{{n}})) approx A cdot (n-1) +B$$



where $A approx 1$ and $B approx -1/2$ and $mathcal D(n)$ denote the set of all divisors of $n$, $p_n$ is the $n^{th}$ prime.



$$sqrt{bigl( n^{2}-bigllfloor sqrt {n} bigrrfloorcdotgcd(bigllfloor sqrt {n} bigrrfloor ,vartheta _{{n}})bigr)}sim n $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R1)$$



$$sqrt{bigl( n-gcd(n ,vartheta _{{n}})bigr)}+frac{1}{sqrt{n}}sim sqrt{n}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R2)$$



$$sqrt{{n}^{2}-max left( lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor ,n
right) min left( gcd left( lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor,vartheta_n right) ,gcd left( n,vartheta_n right) right)
}+1+delta_{{n}}sim n$$



Where $delta_n in {{-frac{1}{2},0,frac{1}{2}}}$ is a discrete function for which I am unable to determine as yet.
$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R3)$$



So I guess the best idea now would be for me to find either a value on $mathbb N$ that satisfies neither of the following equalities:
$$n- Biggl(Bigllfloorsqrt {{n}^{2}- lfloor sqrt{n}
rfloor cdot gcd left( lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor ,vartheta_n right) } Bigrrfloor+1Biggr) = 0 $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R4)$$



$$n-Biggl(Bigllfloor sqrt{{n}^{2}-min left( lfloor
sqrt{n} rfloor ,n right)cdotminleft(gcd ( lfloor sqrt{n}rfloor,vartheta_n) ,gcd ( n,vartheta_n)
right) }Bigrrfloor +1Biggr) = 0$$

$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R5)$$



Figure 1:
enter image description here



Figure 2:



enter image description here



Defining a generalisation of vartheta:
$$vartheta _{{n,k}}=minBiggl(mathcal DBigl(n^{k}cdotBigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} BigrrfloorBigr), backslash, {{1}}Biggr)$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R6)$$



Will allow for the following asymptotic relation as we would intuitively expect from the nature of the generalisation and the nature of $(R2)$:
$$(n^k -lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloorgcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{frac{1}{k}} sim n quad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R7)$$



Which is based on an apparent equality:



$$lfloor (n^k -lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloorgcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor+1=nquad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}} $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R8)$$



$$lfloor (n^k -gcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} Bigrrfloor))^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor+1=nquad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}} $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R9)$$



$$lfloor (n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} Bigrrfloor))^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor+1=nquad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}} $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R10)$$



$$lim _{krightarrow infty }((n^k -lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloorgcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{frac{1}{k}} )=n$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R11)$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R12)$$



Figure 5










share|cite|improve this question
























  • We can slightly simplify the left side to $$n-gcd(lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor,q)$$ where $q$ is the smallest prime factor of $$ncdot lfloor frac{p_n}{n} rfloor$$
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 8:28










  • Further we can conclude that the left side is either $n-1$ or $n-q$
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 8:30










  • True yes. I have been trying to read PNT Wikipedia pages and feel as if there will definitely be a better least square regression choice than linear I just can't see it yet because I have done very little in approximations, always feel cheap about it but they are a discipline in themselves really
    – Adam
    Jun 10 at 8:31






  • 1




    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime-counting_function shows, among other things, the (proven) bounds from Pierre Dusart.
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 10:21






  • 2




    Your goal is to construct a formula that avoids brute force calculation. If not, you do not need the formula and can calculate the values directly. "Predictible" means that a program can get the correct answer much faster and always correct and needs no cumbersome calculations.
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 15:52

















up vote
19
down vote

favorite
7












FINAL EDIT AND SUMMARY.



The basis of this problem, and that which allows for the approximations to be made here, can be summarised in one approximation:



$$Biggl(frac{n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} Bigrrfloor)}{n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} Bigrrfloor)}Biggr)^{frac{1}{k}}
sim1quadforall n,k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A0)$$



$$frac{Bigllfloor bigl(n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} Bigrrfloor)bigr)^{frac{1}{k}}Bigrrfloor
}{Bigllfloor bigl(n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} Bigrrfloor)bigr)^{frac{1}{k}}Bigrrfloor} =1quadforall n,k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A1)$$



$${gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^k}{n^k} BigrrfloorBigr)}quad Biggl|quad{{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} BigrrfloorBigr)}
$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A2)$$



Defining the above ratio as varsigma:
$$varsigma_{n,k}= frac{{{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} BigrrfloorBigr)}
}{{gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^k}{n^k} BigrrfloorBigr)}}$$



We have the following:



$n lt 2^k Rightarrow varsigma_{n,k}=1$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A3)$$



$varsigma_{n,k}$ is a perfect power $forall n,k in mathbb N, backslash ,{{1}}$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A4)$$



To generalize:



$$varsigma_{n,k,i,j}= frac{{{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{j-1}gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{j},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{,,j}}{n^{,j}} BigrrfloorBigr)}
}{{gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor^{,i}},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{,i}}{n^{,i}} BigrrfloorBigr)}}$$



provided that $j geq i$,we have:



$m^k leq n lt (m+1)^k Rightarrow varsigma_{n,k,i,j} in {{m^N:N in {{1,2,3,...,k}}}}$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A5)$$



reducing the above by setting $i=j$:
$$varsigma_{n,k,j}= lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor^{j-1}$$



$m^k leq n lt (m+1)^k Rightarrow varsigma_{n,k,j}=m^{j-1}$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A6)$$



So the question I am now asking, for that fun person that wants to close this page, is how do I establish a proof for (A5) that will be rigorous and indisputable?



Yesterday I noticed quite a strong fit for the approximation:
$$vartheta _{{n}}=minBiggl(mathcal DBigl(ncdotBigllfloor frac{p_n}{n} BigrrfloorBigr) backslash {{1}}Biggr)$$
$$n-gcd(bigllfloor sqrt {n} bigrrfloor ,vartheta _{{n}})) approx A cdot (n-1) +B$$



where $A approx 1$ and $B approx -1/2$ and $mathcal D(n)$ denote the set of all divisors of $n$, $p_n$ is the $n^{th}$ prime.



$$sqrt{bigl( n^{2}-bigllfloor sqrt {n} bigrrfloorcdotgcd(bigllfloor sqrt {n} bigrrfloor ,vartheta _{{n}})bigr)}sim n $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R1)$$



$$sqrt{bigl( n-gcd(n ,vartheta _{{n}})bigr)}+frac{1}{sqrt{n}}sim sqrt{n}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R2)$$



$$sqrt{{n}^{2}-max left( lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor ,n
right) min left( gcd left( lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor,vartheta_n right) ,gcd left( n,vartheta_n right) right)
}+1+delta_{{n}}sim n$$



Where $delta_n in {{-frac{1}{2},0,frac{1}{2}}}$ is a discrete function for which I am unable to determine as yet.
$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R3)$$



So I guess the best idea now would be for me to find either a value on $mathbb N$ that satisfies neither of the following equalities:
$$n- Biggl(Bigllfloorsqrt {{n}^{2}- lfloor sqrt{n}
rfloor cdot gcd left( lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor ,vartheta_n right) } Bigrrfloor+1Biggr) = 0 $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R4)$$



$$n-Biggl(Bigllfloor sqrt{{n}^{2}-min left( lfloor
sqrt{n} rfloor ,n right)cdotminleft(gcd ( lfloor sqrt{n}rfloor,vartheta_n) ,gcd ( n,vartheta_n)
right) }Bigrrfloor +1Biggr) = 0$$

$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R5)$$



Figure 1:
enter image description here



Figure 2:



enter image description here



Defining a generalisation of vartheta:
$$vartheta _{{n,k}}=minBiggl(mathcal DBigl(n^{k}cdotBigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} BigrrfloorBigr), backslash, {{1}}Biggr)$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R6)$$



Will allow for the following asymptotic relation as we would intuitively expect from the nature of the generalisation and the nature of $(R2)$:
$$(n^k -lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloorgcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{frac{1}{k}} sim n quad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R7)$$



Which is based on an apparent equality:



$$lfloor (n^k -lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloorgcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor+1=nquad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}} $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R8)$$



$$lfloor (n^k -gcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} Bigrrfloor))^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor+1=nquad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}} $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R9)$$



$$lfloor (n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} Bigrrfloor))^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor+1=nquad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}} $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R10)$$



$$lim _{krightarrow infty }((n^k -lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloorgcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{frac{1}{k}} )=n$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R11)$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R12)$$



Figure 5










share|cite|improve this question
























  • We can slightly simplify the left side to $$n-gcd(lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor,q)$$ where $q$ is the smallest prime factor of $$ncdot lfloor frac{p_n}{n} rfloor$$
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 8:28










  • Further we can conclude that the left side is either $n-1$ or $n-q$
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 8:30










  • True yes. I have been trying to read PNT Wikipedia pages and feel as if there will definitely be a better least square regression choice than linear I just can't see it yet because I have done very little in approximations, always feel cheap about it but they are a discipline in themselves really
    – Adam
    Jun 10 at 8:31






  • 1




    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime-counting_function shows, among other things, the (proven) bounds from Pierre Dusart.
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 10:21






  • 2




    Your goal is to construct a formula that avoids brute force calculation. If not, you do not need the formula and can calculate the values directly. "Predictible" means that a program can get the correct answer much faster and always correct and needs no cumbersome calculations.
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 15:52















up vote
19
down vote

favorite
7









up vote
19
down vote

favorite
7






7





FINAL EDIT AND SUMMARY.



The basis of this problem, and that which allows for the approximations to be made here, can be summarised in one approximation:



$$Biggl(frac{n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} Bigrrfloor)}{n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} Bigrrfloor)}Biggr)^{frac{1}{k}}
sim1quadforall n,k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A0)$$



$$frac{Bigllfloor bigl(n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} Bigrrfloor)bigr)^{frac{1}{k}}Bigrrfloor
}{Bigllfloor bigl(n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} Bigrrfloor)bigr)^{frac{1}{k}}Bigrrfloor} =1quadforall n,k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A1)$$



$${gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^k}{n^k} BigrrfloorBigr)}quad Biggl|quad{{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} BigrrfloorBigr)}
$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A2)$$



Defining the above ratio as varsigma:
$$varsigma_{n,k}= frac{{{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} BigrrfloorBigr)}
}{{gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^k}{n^k} BigrrfloorBigr)}}$$



We have the following:



$n lt 2^k Rightarrow varsigma_{n,k}=1$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A3)$$



$varsigma_{n,k}$ is a perfect power $forall n,k in mathbb N, backslash ,{{1}}$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A4)$$



To generalize:



$$varsigma_{n,k,i,j}= frac{{{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{j-1}gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{j},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{,,j}}{n^{,j}} BigrrfloorBigr)}
}{{gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor^{,i}},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{,i}}{n^{,i}} BigrrfloorBigr)}}$$



provided that $j geq i$,we have:



$m^k leq n lt (m+1)^k Rightarrow varsigma_{n,k,i,j} in {{m^N:N in {{1,2,3,...,k}}}}$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A5)$$



reducing the above by setting $i=j$:
$$varsigma_{n,k,j}= lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor^{j-1}$$



$m^k leq n lt (m+1)^k Rightarrow varsigma_{n,k,j}=m^{j-1}$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A6)$$



So the question I am now asking, for that fun person that wants to close this page, is how do I establish a proof for (A5) that will be rigorous and indisputable?



Yesterday I noticed quite a strong fit for the approximation:
$$vartheta _{{n}}=minBiggl(mathcal DBigl(ncdotBigllfloor frac{p_n}{n} BigrrfloorBigr) backslash {{1}}Biggr)$$
$$n-gcd(bigllfloor sqrt {n} bigrrfloor ,vartheta _{{n}})) approx A cdot (n-1) +B$$



where $A approx 1$ and $B approx -1/2$ and $mathcal D(n)$ denote the set of all divisors of $n$, $p_n$ is the $n^{th}$ prime.



$$sqrt{bigl( n^{2}-bigllfloor sqrt {n} bigrrfloorcdotgcd(bigllfloor sqrt {n} bigrrfloor ,vartheta _{{n}})bigr)}sim n $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R1)$$



$$sqrt{bigl( n-gcd(n ,vartheta _{{n}})bigr)}+frac{1}{sqrt{n}}sim sqrt{n}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R2)$$



$$sqrt{{n}^{2}-max left( lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor ,n
right) min left( gcd left( lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor,vartheta_n right) ,gcd left( n,vartheta_n right) right)
}+1+delta_{{n}}sim n$$



Where $delta_n in {{-frac{1}{2},0,frac{1}{2}}}$ is a discrete function for which I am unable to determine as yet.
$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R3)$$



So I guess the best idea now would be for me to find either a value on $mathbb N$ that satisfies neither of the following equalities:
$$n- Biggl(Bigllfloorsqrt {{n}^{2}- lfloor sqrt{n}
rfloor cdot gcd left( lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor ,vartheta_n right) } Bigrrfloor+1Biggr) = 0 $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R4)$$



$$n-Biggl(Bigllfloor sqrt{{n}^{2}-min left( lfloor
sqrt{n} rfloor ,n right)cdotminleft(gcd ( lfloor sqrt{n}rfloor,vartheta_n) ,gcd ( n,vartheta_n)
right) }Bigrrfloor +1Biggr) = 0$$

$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R5)$$



Figure 1:
enter image description here



Figure 2:



enter image description here



Defining a generalisation of vartheta:
$$vartheta _{{n,k}}=minBiggl(mathcal DBigl(n^{k}cdotBigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} BigrrfloorBigr), backslash, {{1}}Biggr)$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R6)$$



Will allow for the following asymptotic relation as we would intuitively expect from the nature of the generalisation and the nature of $(R2)$:
$$(n^k -lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloorgcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{frac{1}{k}} sim n quad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R7)$$



Which is based on an apparent equality:



$$lfloor (n^k -lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloorgcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor+1=nquad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}} $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R8)$$



$$lfloor (n^k -gcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} Bigrrfloor))^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor+1=nquad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}} $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R9)$$



$$lfloor (n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} Bigrrfloor))^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor+1=nquad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}} $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R10)$$



$$lim _{krightarrow infty }((n^k -lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloorgcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{frac{1}{k}} )=n$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R11)$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R12)$$



Figure 5










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FINAL EDIT AND SUMMARY.



The basis of this problem, and that which allows for the approximations to be made here, can be summarised in one approximation:



$$Biggl(frac{n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} Bigrrfloor)}{n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} Bigrrfloor)}Biggr)^{frac{1}{k}}
sim1quadforall n,k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A0)$$



$$frac{Bigllfloor bigl(n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} Bigrrfloor)bigr)^{frac{1}{k}}Bigrrfloor
}{Bigllfloor bigl(n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} Bigrrfloor)bigr)^{frac{1}{k}}Bigrrfloor} =1quadforall n,k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A1)$$



$${gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^k}{n^k} BigrrfloorBigr)}quad Biggl|quad{{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} BigrrfloorBigr)}
$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A2)$$



Defining the above ratio as varsigma:
$$varsigma_{n,k}= frac{{{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} BigrrfloorBigr)}
}{{gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^k}{n^k} BigrrfloorBigr)}}$$



We have the following:



$n lt 2^k Rightarrow varsigma_{n,k}=1$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A3)$$



$varsigma_{n,k}$ is a perfect power $forall n,k in mathbb N, backslash ,{{1}}$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A4)$$



To generalize:



$$varsigma_{n,k,i,j}= frac{{{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{j-1}gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{j},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{,,j}}{n^{,j}} BigrrfloorBigr)}
}{{gcdBigl({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor^{,i}},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{,i}}{n^{,i}} BigrrfloorBigr)}}$$



provided that $j geq i$,we have:



$m^k leq n lt (m+1)^k Rightarrow varsigma_{n,k,i,j} in {{m^N:N in {{1,2,3,...,k}}}}$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A5)$$



reducing the above by setting $i=j$:
$$varsigma_{n,k,j}= lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor^{j-1}$$



$m^k leq n lt (m+1)^k Rightarrow varsigma_{n,k,j}=m^{j-1}$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(A6)$$



So the question I am now asking, for that fun person that wants to close this page, is how do I establish a proof for (A5) that will be rigorous and indisputable?



Yesterday I noticed quite a strong fit for the approximation:
$$vartheta _{{n}}=minBiggl(mathcal DBigl(ncdotBigllfloor frac{p_n}{n} BigrrfloorBigr) backslash {{1}}Biggr)$$
$$n-gcd(bigllfloor sqrt {n} bigrrfloor ,vartheta _{{n}})) approx A cdot (n-1) +B$$



where $A approx 1$ and $B approx -1/2$ and $mathcal D(n)$ denote the set of all divisors of $n$, $p_n$ is the $n^{th}$ prime.



$$sqrt{bigl( n^{2}-bigllfloor sqrt {n} bigrrfloorcdotgcd(bigllfloor sqrt {n} bigrrfloor ,vartheta _{{n}})bigr)}sim n $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R1)$$



$$sqrt{bigl( n-gcd(n ,vartheta _{{n}})bigr)}+frac{1}{sqrt{n}}sim sqrt{n}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R2)$$



$$sqrt{{n}^{2}-max left( lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor ,n
right) min left( gcd left( lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor,vartheta_n right) ,gcd left( n,vartheta_n right) right)
}+1+delta_{{n}}sim n$$



Where $delta_n in {{-frac{1}{2},0,frac{1}{2}}}$ is a discrete function for which I am unable to determine as yet.
$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R3)$$



So I guess the best idea now would be for me to find either a value on $mathbb N$ that satisfies neither of the following equalities:
$$n- Biggl(Bigllfloorsqrt {{n}^{2}- lfloor sqrt{n}
rfloor cdot gcd left( lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor ,vartheta_n right) } Bigrrfloor+1Biggr) = 0 $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R4)$$



$$n-Biggl(Bigllfloor sqrt{{n}^{2}-min left( lfloor
sqrt{n} rfloor ,n right)cdotminleft(gcd ( lfloor sqrt{n}rfloor,vartheta_n) ,gcd ( n,vartheta_n)
right) }Bigrrfloor +1Biggr) = 0$$

$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R5)$$



Figure 1:
enter image description here



Figure 2:



enter image description here



Defining a generalisation of vartheta:
$$vartheta _{{n,k}}=minBiggl(mathcal DBigl(n^{k}cdotBigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} BigrrfloorBigr), backslash, {{1}}Biggr)$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R6)$$



Will allow for the following asymptotic relation as we would intuitively expect from the nature of the generalisation and the nature of $(R2)$:
$$(n^k -lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloorgcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{frac{1}{k}} sim n quad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}}$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R7)$$



Which is based on an apparent equality:



$$lfloor (n^k -lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloorgcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor+1=nquad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}} $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R8)$$



$$lfloor (n^k -gcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k}}{n^{k}} Bigrrfloor))^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor+1=nquad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}} $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R9)$$



$$lfloor (n^k -{lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1}gcd({lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor}^{k-1},Bigllfloor frac{p_n^{k-1}}{n^{k-1}} Bigrrfloor))^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor+1=nquad forall k in mathbb Nbackslash {{1}} $$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R10)$$



$$lim _{krightarrow infty }((n^k -lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloorgcd(lfloor n^{frac{1}{k}} rfloor,vartheta _{{n,k-1}}))^{frac{1}{k}} )=n$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R11)$$



$$quadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquadquad(R12)$$



Figure 5







prime-numbers






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edited 2 days ago

























asked Jun 10 at 8:21









Adam

49613




49613












  • We can slightly simplify the left side to $$n-gcd(lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor,q)$$ where $q$ is the smallest prime factor of $$ncdot lfloor frac{p_n}{n} rfloor$$
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 8:28










  • Further we can conclude that the left side is either $n-1$ or $n-q$
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 8:30










  • True yes. I have been trying to read PNT Wikipedia pages and feel as if there will definitely be a better least square regression choice than linear I just can't see it yet because I have done very little in approximations, always feel cheap about it but they are a discipline in themselves really
    – Adam
    Jun 10 at 8:31






  • 1




    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime-counting_function shows, among other things, the (proven) bounds from Pierre Dusart.
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 10:21






  • 2




    Your goal is to construct a formula that avoids brute force calculation. If not, you do not need the formula and can calculate the values directly. "Predictible" means that a program can get the correct answer much faster and always correct and needs no cumbersome calculations.
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 15:52




















  • We can slightly simplify the left side to $$n-gcd(lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor,q)$$ where $q$ is the smallest prime factor of $$ncdot lfloor frac{p_n}{n} rfloor$$
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 8:28










  • Further we can conclude that the left side is either $n-1$ or $n-q$
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 8:30










  • True yes. I have been trying to read PNT Wikipedia pages and feel as if there will definitely be a better least square regression choice than linear I just can't see it yet because I have done very little in approximations, always feel cheap about it but they are a discipline in themselves really
    – Adam
    Jun 10 at 8:31






  • 1




    en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime-counting_function shows, among other things, the (proven) bounds from Pierre Dusart.
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 10:21






  • 2




    Your goal is to construct a formula that avoids brute force calculation. If not, you do not need the formula and can calculate the values directly. "Predictible" means that a program can get the correct answer much faster and always correct and needs no cumbersome calculations.
    – Peter
    Jun 10 at 15:52


















We can slightly simplify the left side to $$n-gcd(lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor,q)$$ where $q$ is the smallest prime factor of $$ncdot lfloor frac{p_n}{n} rfloor$$
– Peter
Jun 10 at 8:28




We can slightly simplify the left side to $$n-gcd(lfloor sqrt{n} rfloor,q)$$ where $q$ is the smallest prime factor of $$ncdot lfloor frac{p_n}{n} rfloor$$
– Peter
Jun 10 at 8:28












Further we can conclude that the left side is either $n-1$ or $n-q$
– Peter
Jun 10 at 8:30




Further we can conclude that the left side is either $n-1$ or $n-q$
– Peter
Jun 10 at 8:30












True yes. I have been trying to read PNT Wikipedia pages and feel as if there will definitely be a better least square regression choice than linear I just can't see it yet because I have done very little in approximations, always feel cheap about it but they are a discipline in themselves really
– Adam
Jun 10 at 8:31




True yes. I have been trying to read PNT Wikipedia pages and feel as if there will definitely be a better least square regression choice than linear I just can't see it yet because I have done very little in approximations, always feel cheap about it but they are a discipline in themselves really
– Adam
Jun 10 at 8:31




1




1




en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime-counting_function shows, among other things, the (proven) bounds from Pierre Dusart.
– Peter
Jun 10 at 10:21




en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prime-counting_function shows, among other things, the (proven) bounds from Pierre Dusart.
– Peter
Jun 10 at 10:21




2




2




Your goal is to construct a formula that avoids brute force calculation. If not, you do not need the formula and can calculate the values directly. "Predictible" means that a program can get the correct answer much faster and always correct and needs no cumbersome calculations.
– Peter
Jun 10 at 15:52






Your goal is to construct a formula that avoids brute force calculation. If not, you do not need the formula and can calculate the values directly. "Predictible" means that a program can get the correct answer much faster and always correct and needs no cumbersome calculations.
– Peter
Jun 10 at 15:52

















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