How to use the chain rule for change of variable












1












$begingroup$


I have asked this questions: Change of variables in differential equation?



...but after thinking about it, I am still a little confused of how to rigorously use the chain rule to calculate the derivative(s) of a function for a change of variable.



I have the following derivative:



$f(x) = frac{dw(x)}{dx}$



Now I introduce the change of variable: $hat{x}=frac{x}{L}$
and I apply the chain rule:




  1. I write: $g(hat{x}) = L hat{x} = x$

  2. I substitute: $f(g(hat{x})) = frac{dw(g(hat{x}))}{d(g(hat{x}))}$


...but this does not help me... I am confusing something.



I would be glad, if someone could show me in detail and step by step how to do this rigorously.



Thanks a lot.










share|cite|improve this question









$endgroup$

















    1












    $begingroup$


    I have asked this questions: Change of variables in differential equation?



    ...but after thinking about it, I am still a little confused of how to rigorously use the chain rule to calculate the derivative(s) of a function for a change of variable.



    I have the following derivative:



    $f(x) = frac{dw(x)}{dx}$



    Now I introduce the change of variable: $hat{x}=frac{x}{L}$
    and I apply the chain rule:




    1. I write: $g(hat{x}) = L hat{x} = x$

    2. I substitute: $f(g(hat{x})) = frac{dw(g(hat{x}))}{d(g(hat{x}))}$


    ...but this does not help me... I am confusing something.



    I would be glad, if someone could show me in detail and step by step how to do this rigorously.



    Thanks a lot.










    share|cite|improve this question









    $endgroup$















      1












      1








      1


      1



      $begingroup$


      I have asked this questions: Change of variables in differential equation?



      ...but after thinking about it, I am still a little confused of how to rigorously use the chain rule to calculate the derivative(s) of a function for a change of variable.



      I have the following derivative:



      $f(x) = frac{dw(x)}{dx}$



      Now I introduce the change of variable: $hat{x}=frac{x}{L}$
      and I apply the chain rule:




      1. I write: $g(hat{x}) = L hat{x} = x$

      2. I substitute: $f(g(hat{x})) = frac{dw(g(hat{x}))}{d(g(hat{x}))}$


      ...but this does not help me... I am confusing something.



      I would be glad, if someone could show me in detail and step by step how to do this rigorously.



      Thanks a lot.










      share|cite|improve this question









      $endgroup$




      I have asked this questions: Change of variables in differential equation?



      ...but after thinking about it, I am still a little confused of how to rigorously use the chain rule to calculate the derivative(s) of a function for a change of variable.



      I have the following derivative:



      $f(x) = frac{dw(x)}{dx}$



      Now I introduce the change of variable: $hat{x}=frac{x}{L}$
      and I apply the chain rule:




      1. I write: $g(hat{x}) = L hat{x} = x$

      2. I substitute: $f(g(hat{x})) = frac{dw(g(hat{x}))}{d(g(hat{x}))}$


      ...but this does not help me... I am confusing something.



      I would be glad, if someone could show me in detail and step by step how to do this rigorously.



      Thanks a lot.







      derivatives chain-rule






      share|cite|improve this question













      share|cite|improve this question











      share|cite|improve this question




      share|cite|improve this question










      asked Dec 15 '18 at 9:02









      jamesjames

      15610




      15610






















          1 Answer
          1






          active

          oldest

          votes


















          1












          $begingroup$

          Let's say you want to change $x$ for $y$, where $y$ is a function of $x$, i.e., $y=g(x)$. I will use $y$ for the nondimensional variable because it's way easier to type in my phone. The chain rule tells us that if we want to calculate the derivative
          $$frac{df}{dx}$$
          in terms of $y$, we need to use the formula
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{dy}{dx}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          The $dy/dx$ part is equal to $dg(x)/dx$, therefore,
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{dg(x)}{dx}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          See that it works for any possible change of variables. In your particular case, $g(x)=x/L$ and $dg/dx=1/L$. Therefore, we have
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{1}{L}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          It leads to
          $$frac{df}{dy}=Lw(g^{-1}(y)),$$
          in which $g^{-1}(y)=Ly$. Finally:
          $$frac{df}{dy}=Lw(Ly).$$
          It's up to you to show that this equation is dimensionally consistent. Remember: $L$ has the same dimension of $x$ and $y$ is nondimensional. Let me know if you have any question.






          share|cite|improve this answer









          $endgroup$













          • $begingroup$
            Many thnaks for your answer. There is one thing that I don't understand, if I take $frac{df}{dx}=frac{1}{L}frac{df}{dy}.$ and I know that $frac{df}{dy} = Lw(Ly)$, then the final result is: $frac{df}{dx} = w(Ly)$... ?
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 15 '18 at 21:03










          • $begingroup$
            @james You are right, but I can't see how this is useful. In general, one has the dimensional form of an equation and then obtains the nondimensional form of it. It's useful then to have "consistency" the variables, in the sense that you use only $x$ or only $y$; since they mean the same thing (say, the dimensional and nondimensional distance, respectively), you won't want to mix them. Therefore, while $df/dx=w(Ly)$ is true, I think that $df/dy=Lw(Ly)$ is far more useful.
            $endgroup$
            – rafa11111
            Dec 15 '18 at 23:55










          • $begingroup$
            I see. Okay, so if I apply the change of variable to the following integral $int _ { - frac { L } { 2 } } ^ { frac { L} { 2 } } w ^ { prime } ( x ) ^ { 2 } d x$, I would get: $int _ { - frac { 1 } { 2 } } ^ { frac { 1} { 2 } } frac{1}{L^2} w ^ { prime } ( Lhat{x} ) ^ { 2 } L d hat{x}$, right ?
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 16 '18 at 9:12












          • $begingroup$
            @james Precisely!
            $endgroup$
            – rafa11111
            Dec 16 '18 at 10:46










          • $begingroup$
            Thank you so much for your help !
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 16 '18 at 13:28












          Your Answer





          StackExchange.ifUsing("editor", function () {
          return StackExchange.using("mathjaxEditing", function () {
          StackExchange.MarkdownEditor.creationCallbacks.add(function (editor, postfix) {
          StackExchange.mathjaxEditing.prepareWmdForMathJax(editor, postfix, [["$", "$"], ["\\(","\\)"]]);
          });
          });
          }, "mathjax-editing");

          StackExchange.ready(function() {
          var channelOptions = {
          tags: "".split(" "),
          id: "69"
          };
          initTagRenderer("".split(" "), "".split(" "), channelOptions);

          StackExchange.using("externalEditor", function() {
          // Have to fire editor after snippets, if snippets enabled
          if (StackExchange.settings.snippets.snippetsEnabled) {
          StackExchange.using("snippets", function() {
          createEditor();
          });
          }
          else {
          createEditor();
          }
          });

          function createEditor() {
          StackExchange.prepareEditor({
          heartbeatType: 'answer',
          autoActivateHeartbeat: false,
          convertImagesToLinks: true,
          noModals: true,
          showLowRepImageUploadWarning: true,
          reputationToPostImages: 10,
          bindNavPrevention: true,
          postfix: "",
          imageUploader: {
          brandingHtml: "Powered by u003ca class="icon-imgur-white" href="https://imgur.com/"u003eu003c/au003e",
          contentPolicyHtml: "User contributions licensed under u003ca href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/"u003ecc by-sa 3.0 with attribution requiredu003c/au003e u003ca href="https://stackoverflow.com/legal/content-policy"u003e(content policy)u003c/au003e",
          allowUrls: true
          },
          noCode: true, onDemand: true,
          discardSelector: ".discard-answer"
          ,immediatelyShowMarkdownHelp:true
          });


          }
          });














          draft saved

          draft discarded


















          StackExchange.ready(
          function () {
          StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3040296%2fhow-to-use-the-chain-rule-for-change-of-variable%23new-answer', 'question_page');
          }
          );

          Post as a guest















          Required, but never shown

























          1 Answer
          1






          active

          oldest

          votes








          1 Answer
          1






          active

          oldest

          votes









          active

          oldest

          votes






          active

          oldest

          votes









          1












          $begingroup$

          Let's say you want to change $x$ for $y$, where $y$ is a function of $x$, i.e., $y=g(x)$. I will use $y$ for the nondimensional variable because it's way easier to type in my phone. The chain rule tells us that if we want to calculate the derivative
          $$frac{df}{dx}$$
          in terms of $y$, we need to use the formula
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{dy}{dx}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          The $dy/dx$ part is equal to $dg(x)/dx$, therefore,
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{dg(x)}{dx}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          See that it works for any possible change of variables. In your particular case, $g(x)=x/L$ and $dg/dx=1/L$. Therefore, we have
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{1}{L}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          It leads to
          $$frac{df}{dy}=Lw(g^{-1}(y)),$$
          in which $g^{-1}(y)=Ly$. Finally:
          $$frac{df}{dy}=Lw(Ly).$$
          It's up to you to show that this equation is dimensionally consistent. Remember: $L$ has the same dimension of $x$ and $y$ is nondimensional. Let me know if you have any question.






          share|cite|improve this answer









          $endgroup$













          • $begingroup$
            Many thnaks for your answer. There is one thing that I don't understand, if I take $frac{df}{dx}=frac{1}{L}frac{df}{dy}.$ and I know that $frac{df}{dy} = Lw(Ly)$, then the final result is: $frac{df}{dx} = w(Ly)$... ?
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 15 '18 at 21:03










          • $begingroup$
            @james You are right, but I can't see how this is useful. In general, one has the dimensional form of an equation and then obtains the nondimensional form of it. It's useful then to have "consistency" the variables, in the sense that you use only $x$ or only $y$; since they mean the same thing (say, the dimensional and nondimensional distance, respectively), you won't want to mix them. Therefore, while $df/dx=w(Ly)$ is true, I think that $df/dy=Lw(Ly)$ is far more useful.
            $endgroup$
            – rafa11111
            Dec 15 '18 at 23:55










          • $begingroup$
            I see. Okay, so if I apply the change of variable to the following integral $int _ { - frac { L } { 2 } } ^ { frac { L} { 2 } } w ^ { prime } ( x ) ^ { 2 } d x$, I would get: $int _ { - frac { 1 } { 2 } } ^ { frac { 1} { 2 } } frac{1}{L^2} w ^ { prime } ( Lhat{x} ) ^ { 2 } L d hat{x}$, right ?
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 16 '18 at 9:12












          • $begingroup$
            @james Precisely!
            $endgroup$
            – rafa11111
            Dec 16 '18 at 10:46










          • $begingroup$
            Thank you so much for your help !
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 16 '18 at 13:28
















          1












          $begingroup$

          Let's say you want to change $x$ for $y$, where $y$ is a function of $x$, i.e., $y=g(x)$. I will use $y$ for the nondimensional variable because it's way easier to type in my phone. The chain rule tells us that if we want to calculate the derivative
          $$frac{df}{dx}$$
          in terms of $y$, we need to use the formula
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{dy}{dx}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          The $dy/dx$ part is equal to $dg(x)/dx$, therefore,
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{dg(x)}{dx}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          See that it works for any possible change of variables. In your particular case, $g(x)=x/L$ and $dg/dx=1/L$. Therefore, we have
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{1}{L}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          It leads to
          $$frac{df}{dy}=Lw(g^{-1}(y)),$$
          in which $g^{-1}(y)=Ly$. Finally:
          $$frac{df}{dy}=Lw(Ly).$$
          It's up to you to show that this equation is dimensionally consistent. Remember: $L$ has the same dimension of $x$ and $y$ is nondimensional. Let me know if you have any question.






          share|cite|improve this answer









          $endgroup$













          • $begingroup$
            Many thnaks for your answer. There is one thing that I don't understand, if I take $frac{df}{dx}=frac{1}{L}frac{df}{dy}.$ and I know that $frac{df}{dy} = Lw(Ly)$, then the final result is: $frac{df}{dx} = w(Ly)$... ?
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 15 '18 at 21:03










          • $begingroup$
            @james You are right, but I can't see how this is useful. In general, one has the dimensional form of an equation and then obtains the nondimensional form of it. It's useful then to have "consistency" the variables, in the sense that you use only $x$ or only $y$; since they mean the same thing (say, the dimensional and nondimensional distance, respectively), you won't want to mix them. Therefore, while $df/dx=w(Ly)$ is true, I think that $df/dy=Lw(Ly)$ is far more useful.
            $endgroup$
            – rafa11111
            Dec 15 '18 at 23:55










          • $begingroup$
            I see. Okay, so if I apply the change of variable to the following integral $int _ { - frac { L } { 2 } } ^ { frac { L} { 2 } } w ^ { prime } ( x ) ^ { 2 } d x$, I would get: $int _ { - frac { 1 } { 2 } } ^ { frac { 1} { 2 } } frac{1}{L^2} w ^ { prime } ( Lhat{x} ) ^ { 2 } L d hat{x}$, right ?
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 16 '18 at 9:12












          • $begingroup$
            @james Precisely!
            $endgroup$
            – rafa11111
            Dec 16 '18 at 10:46










          • $begingroup$
            Thank you so much for your help !
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 16 '18 at 13:28














          1












          1








          1





          $begingroup$

          Let's say you want to change $x$ for $y$, where $y$ is a function of $x$, i.e., $y=g(x)$. I will use $y$ for the nondimensional variable because it's way easier to type in my phone. The chain rule tells us that if we want to calculate the derivative
          $$frac{df}{dx}$$
          in terms of $y$, we need to use the formula
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{dy}{dx}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          The $dy/dx$ part is equal to $dg(x)/dx$, therefore,
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{dg(x)}{dx}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          See that it works for any possible change of variables. In your particular case, $g(x)=x/L$ and $dg/dx=1/L$. Therefore, we have
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{1}{L}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          It leads to
          $$frac{df}{dy}=Lw(g^{-1}(y)),$$
          in which $g^{-1}(y)=Ly$. Finally:
          $$frac{df}{dy}=Lw(Ly).$$
          It's up to you to show that this equation is dimensionally consistent. Remember: $L$ has the same dimension of $x$ and $y$ is nondimensional. Let me know if you have any question.






          share|cite|improve this answer









          $endgroup$



          Let's say you want to change $x$ for $y$, where $y$ is a function of $x$, i.e., $y=g(x)$. I will use $y$ for the nondimensional variable because it's way easier to type in my phone. The chain rule tells us that if we want to calculate the derivative
          $$frac{df}{dx}$$
          in terms of $y$, we need to use the formula
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{dy}{dx}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          The $dy/dx$ part is equal to $dg(x)/dx$, therefore,
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{dg(x)}{dx}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          See that it works for any possible change of variables. In your particular case, $g(x)=x/L$ and $dg/dx=1/L$. Therefore, we have
          $$frac{df}{dx}=frac{1}{L}frac{df}{dy}.$$
          It leads to
          $$frac{df}{dy}=Lw(g^{-1}(y)),$$
          in which $g^{-1}(y)=Ly$. Finally:
          $$frac{df}{dy}=Lw(Ly).$$
          It's up to you to show that this equation is dimensionally consistent. Remember: $L$ has the same dimension of $x$ and $y$ is nondimensional. Let me know if you have any question.







          share|cite|improve this answer












          share|cite|improve this answer



          share|cite|improve this answer










          answered Dec 15 '18 at 19:46









          rafa11111rafa11111

          1,2042417




          1,2042417












          • $begingroup$
            Many thnaks for your answer. There is one thing that I don't understand, if I take $frac{df}{dx}=frac{1}{L}frac{df}{dy}.$ and I know that $frac{df}{dy} = Lw(Ly)$, then the final result is: $frac{df}{dx} = w(Ly)$... ?
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 15 '18 at 21:03










          • $begingroup$
            @james You are right, but I can't see how this is useful. In general, one has the dimensional form of an equation and then obtains the nondimensional form of it. It's useful then to have "consistency" the variables, in the sense that you use only $x$ or only $y$; since they mean the same thing (say, the dimensional and nondimensional distance, respectively), you won't want to mix them. Therefore, while $df/dx=w(Ly)$ is true, I think that $df/dy=Lw(Ly)$ is far more useful.
            $endgroup$
            – rafa11111
            Dec 15 '18 at 23:55










          • $begingroup$
            I see. Okay, so if I apply the change of variable to the following integral $int _ { - frac { L } { 2 } } ^ { frac { L} { 2 } } w ^ { prime } ( x ) ^ { 2 } d x$, I would get: $int _ { - frac { 1 } { 2 } } ^ { frac { 1} { 2 } } frac{1}{L^2} w ^ { prime } ( Lhat{x} ) ^ { 2 } L d hat{x}$, right ?
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 16 '18 at 9:12












          • $begingroup$
            @james Precisely!
            $endgroup$
            – rafa11111
            Dec 16 '18 at 10:46










          • $begingroup$
            Thank you so much for your help !
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 16 '18 at 13:28


















          • $begingroup$
            Many thnaks for your answer. There is one thing that I don't understand, if I take $frac{df}{dx}=frac{1}{L}frac{df}{dy}.$ and I know that $frac{df}{dy} = Lw(Ly)$, then the final result is: $frac{df}{dx} = w(Ly)$... ?
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 15 '18 at 21:03










          • $begingroup$
            @james You are right, but I can't see how this is useful. In general, one has the dimensional form of an equation and then obtains the nondimensional form of it. It's useful then to have "consistency" the variables, in the sense that you use only $x$ or only $y$; since they mean the same thing (say, the dimensional and nondimensional distance, respectively), you won't want to mix them. Therefore, while $df/dx=w(Ly)$ is true, I think that $df/dy=Lw(Ly)$ is far more useful.
            $endgroup$
            – rafa11111
            Dec 15 '18 at 23:55










          • $begingroup$
            I see. Okay, so if I apply the change of variable to the following integral $int _ { - frac { L } { 2 } } ^ { frac { L} { 2 } } w ^ { prime } ( x ) ^ { 2 } d x$, I would get: $int _ { - frac { 1 } { 2 } } ^ { frac { 1} { 2 } } frac{1}{L^2} w ^ { prime } ( Lhat{x} ) ^ { 2 } L d hat{x}$, right ?
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 16 '18 at 9:12












          • $begingroup$
            @james Precisely!
            $endgroup$
            – rafa11111
            Dec 16 '18 at 10:46










          • $begingroup$
            Thank you so much for your help !
            $endgroup$
            – james
            Dec 16 '18 at 13:28
















          $begingroup$
          Many thnaks for your answer. There is one thing that I don't understand, if I take $frac{df}{dx}=frac{1}{L}frac{df}{dy}.$ and I know that $frac{df}{dy} = Lw(Ly)$, then the final result is: $frac{df}{dx} = w(Ly)$... ?
          $endgroup$
          – james
          Dec 15 '18 at 21:03




          $begingroup$
          Many thnaks for your answer. There is one thing that I don't understand, if I take $frac{df}{dx}=frac{1}{L}frac{df}{dy}.$ and I know that $frac{df}{dy} = Lw(Ly)$, then the final result is: $frac{df}{dx} = w(Ly)$... ?
          $endgroup$
          – james
          Dec 15 '18 at 21:03












          $begingroup$
          @james You are right, but I can't see how this is useful. In general, one has the dimensional form of an equation and then obtains the nondimensional form of it. It's useful then to have "consistency" the variables, in the sense that you use only $x$ or only $y$; since they mean the same thing (say, the dimensional and nondimensional distance, respectively), you won't want to mix them. Therefore, while $df/dx=w(Ly)$ is true, I think that $df/dy=Lw(Ly)$ is far more useful.
          $endgroup$
          – rafa11111
          Dec 15 '18 at 23:55




          $begingroup$
          @james You are right, but I can't see how this is useful. In general, one has the dimensional form of an equation and then obtains the nondimensional form of it. It's useful then to have "consistency" the variables, in the sense that you use only $x$ or only $y$; since they mean the same thing (say, the dimensional and nondimensional distance, respectively), you won't want to mix them. Therefore, while $df/dx=w(Ly)$ is true, I think that $df/dy=Lw(Ly)$ is far more useful.
          $endgroup$
          – rafa11111
          Dec 15 '18 at 23:55












          $begingroup$
          I see. Okay, so if I apply the change of variable to the following integral $int _ { - frac { L } { 2 } } ^ { frac { L} { 2 } } w ^ { prime } ( x ) ^ { 2 } d x$, I would get: $int _ { - frac { 1 } { 2 } } ^ { frac { 1} { 2 } } frac{1}{L^2} w ^ { prime } ( Lhat{x} ) ^ { 2 } L d hat{x}$, right ?
          $endgroup$
          – james
          Dec 16 '18 at 9:12






          $begingroup$
          I see. Okay, so if I apply the change of variable to the following integral $int _ { - frac { L } { 2 } } ^ { frac { L} { 2 } } w ^ { prime } ( x ) ^ { 2 } d x$, I would get: $int _ { - frac { 1 } { 2 } } ^ { frac { 1} { 2 } } frac{1}{L^2} w ^ { prime } ( Lhat{x} ) ^ { 2 } L d hat{x}$, right ?
          $endgroup$
          – james
          Dec 16 '18 at 9:12














          $begingroup$
          @james Precisely!
          $endgroup$
          – rafa11111
          Dec 16 '18 at 10:46




          $begingroup$
          @james Precisely!
          $endgroup$
          – rafa11111
          Dec 16 '18 at 10:46












          $begingroup$
          Thank you so much for your help !
          $endgroup$
          – james
          Dec 16 '18 at 13:28




          $begingroup$
          Thank you so much for your help !
          $endgroup$
          – james
          Dec 16 '18 at 13:28


















          draft saved

          draft discarded




















































          Thanks for contributing an answer to Mathematics Stack Exchange!


          • Please be sure to answer the question. Provide details and share your research!

          But avoid



          • Asking for help, clarification, or responding to other answers.

          • Making statements based on opinion; back them up with references or personal experience.


          Use MathJax to format equations. MathJax reference.


          To learn more, see our tips on writing great answers.




          draft saved


          draft discarded














          StackExchange.ready(
          function () {
          StackExchange.openid.initPostLogin('.new-post-login', 'https%3a%2f%2fmath.stackexchange.com%2fquestions%2f3040296%2fhow-to-use-the-chain-rule-for-change-of-variable%23new-answer', 'question_page');
          }
          );

          Post as a guest















          Required, but never shown





















































          Required, but never shown














          Required, but never shown












          Required, but never shown







          Required, but never shown

































          Required, but never shown














          Required, but never shown












          Required, but never shown







          Required, but never shown







          Popular posts from this blog

          mysqli_query(): Empty query in /home/lucindabrummitt/public_html/blog/wp-includes/wp-db.php on line 1924

          How to change which sound is reproduced for terminal bell?

          Can I use Tabulator js library in my java Spring + Thymeleaf project?