How to solve this Diophantine equation?












4














Can anyone say how one can find solutions to the Diophantine equation $$x^3+y^4=z^2$$ in General? Only a few triples of numbers have been found, and most likely this equation has infinitely many solutions.



Examples of triples: $(6,5,29),(2,1,3),(9,6,45)$...










share|cite|improve this question





























    4














    Can anyone say how one can find solutions to the Diophantine equation $$x^3+y^4=z^2$$ in General? Only a few triples of numbers have been found, and most likely this equation has infinitely many solutions.



    Examples of triples: $(6,5,29),(2,1,3),(9,6,45)$...










    share|cite|improve this question



























      4












      4








      4


      2





      Can anyone say how one can find solutions to the Diophantine equation $$x^3+y^4=z^2$$ in General? Only a few triples of numbers have been found, and most likely this equation has infinitely many solutions.



      Examples of triples: $(6,5,29),(2,1,3),(9,6,45)$...










      share|cite|improve this question















      Can anyone say how one can find solutions to the Diophantine equation $$x^3+y^4=z^2$$ in General? Only a few triples of numbers have been found, and most likely this equation has infinitely many solutions.



      Examples of triples: $(6,5,29),(2,1,3),(9,6,45)$...







      calculus diophantine-equations natural-numbers






      share|cite|improve this question















      share|cite|improve this question













      share|cite|improve this question




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      edited Dec 29 '18 at 12:45









      Martín Vacas Vignolo

      3,790623




      3,790623










      asked Dec 29 '18 at 12:43









      Yan Dashkow

      241




      241






















          5 Answers
          5






          active

          oldest

          votes


















          4














          This is a case of the generalized Fermat equation
          $$
          x^p+y^q=z^r.
          $$

          For $(p,q,r)=(3,4,2)$ we have $frac{1}{p}+frac{1}{q}+frac{1}{r}>1$, which is the spherical case. Here we have infinitely many integer solutions for this triple. The solutions are given by a finite set of polynomial parametrisations of the equation, see the following paper:



          F. Beukers, The diophantine equation $Ax^p + By^q = Cz^r$, Duke Math.J. 91(1998), 61-88.



          Further Reference: The generalized Fermat equation.






          share|cite|improve this answer































            3














            Here is one simple parameterization. We have,



            $$x^4 +(y^2-1)^3 = (y^3+3y)^2$$



            given the Pell equation $x^2-3y^2 =1$.






            share|cite|improve this answer























            • @AlexD $r=2$ in this question.
              – Dietrich Burde
              Dec 29 '18 at 23:34










            • Thanks, @DietrichBurde. Let me try again: A solution to the problem here is a tuple of 3 numbers. But the parameterization here only relates $x$ and $y$. What about $z$?
              – Alex D
              Dec 30 '18 at 11:21










            • @AlexD We have $X^4+Y^3=Z^2$ and $X$,$Y$,$Z$ depend on $x$ and $y$ only. So no $z$ in here, only two parameters $x,y$ here for an equation in three variables $X,Y,Z$.
              – Dietrich Burde
              Dec 30 '18 at 11:47












            • Well, @DietrichBurde, you can find out more, but how can you find a general formula (solve this equation in general form), expressed in arbitrary numbers (for example) m, n, k? For example, find the top three numbers (6, 5, 29)?
              – Yan Dashkow
              Dec 30 '18 at 11:55










            • @YanDashkow We find them using one of the parametrizations, see Beukers article.
              – Dietrich Burde
              Dec 30 '18 at 13:31





















            0














            Above equation shown below has parameterization:



            $x^3+y^4=z^2$



            The below parameterization has no restriction such as the



            Pell equation condition demonstrated by Tito Piezas.



            $x=(p)^2(-q)^3$



            $y=(p)(q)^2(k-1)$



            $z=(p)^2(q)^4(2k-3)$



            where, $p=(k-2)$ and $q=(k^2-2)$



            For $k=3$ we get :
            $(-343)^3+(98)^4=(7203)^2$






            share|cite|improve this answer





















            • I have a question: through which k you can find three solutions (x, y, z) — (6,5,29)?
              – Yan Dashkow
              Dec 30 '18 at 10:55





















            0














            "OP" asked for parametric solution for $(x,y,z)=(6,5,29)$ in $x^3+y^4=z^2$



            Solution is:



            $x=3p^3(8k^2-40k+50)$



            $y=p^2(20k^2-104k+135)$



            $z=p^4(2k-5)^2(116k^2-540k+621)$



            Where, $p=(4k^2-27)$



            For $k=(13/5)$, we get after removing common factors:



            $6^3+5^4=29^2$






            share|cite|improve this answer





















            • Wait, why can't k be whole?
              – Yan Dashkow
              Dec 30 '18 at 19:30



















            0














            "OP" enquired about integer coefficent's for the parametric



            solution for the equation $(x^2+y^4=z^2)$. "OP" just needs



            to substitute $k=(m/n)$ in the parametrization & the resulting



            solution after removing common factors is given below.



            $x=6(u^3)(v^2)$



            $y=(u^2)(v)(10m-27n)$



            $z=(u^4)(v^2)(116m^2-540mn+621n^2)$



            And $u=(4m^2-27n^2)$ & $v=(2m-5n)$



            For $(m,n)=(13,5)$ we get:



            $6^3+5^4=29^2$






            share|cite|improve this answer








            New contributor




            Sam is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
            Check out our Code of Conduct.


















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              5 Answers
              5






              active

              oldest

              votes








              5 Answers
              5






              active

              oldest

              votes









              active

              oldest

              votes






              active

              oldest

              votes









              4














              This is a case of the generalized Fermat equation
              $$
              x^p+y^q=z^r.
              $$

              For $(p,q,r)=(3,4,2)$ we have $frac{1}{p}+frac{1}{q}+frac{1}{r}>1$, which is the spherical case. Here we have infinitely many integer solutions for this triple. The solutions are given by a finite set of polynomial parametrisations of the equation, see the following paper:



              F. Beukers, The diophantine equation $Ax^p + By^q = Cz^r$, Duke Math.J. 91(1998), 61-88.



              Further Reference: The generalized Fermat equation.






              share|cite|improve this answer




























                4














                This is a case of the generalized Fermat equation
                $$
                x^p+y^q=z^r.
                $$

                For $(p,q,r)=(3,4,2)$ we have $frac{1}{p}+frac{1}{q}+frac{1}{r}>1$, which is the spherical case. Here we have infinitely many integer solutions for this triple. The solutions are given by a finite set of polynomial parametrisations of the equation, see the following paper:



                F. Beukers, The diophantine equation $Ax^p + By^q = Cz^r$, Duke Math.J. 91(1998), 61-88.



                Further Reference: The generalized Fermat equation.






                share|cite|improve this answer


























                  4












                  4








                  4






                  This is a case of the generalized Fermat equation
                  $$
                  x^p+y^q=z^r.
                  $$

                  For $(p,q,r)=(3,4,2)$ we have $frac{1}{p}+frac{1}{q}+frac{1}{r}>1$, which is the spherical case. Here we have infinitely many integer solutions for this triple. The solutions are given by a finite set of polynomial parametrisations of the equation, see the following paper:



                  F. Beukers, The diophantine equation $Ax^p + By^q = Cz^r$, Duke Math.J. 91(1998), 61-88.



                  Further Reference: The generalized Fermat equation.






                  share|cite|improve this answer














                  This is a case of the generalized Fermat equation
                  $$
                  x^p+y^q=z^r.
                  $$

                  For $(p,q,r)=(3,4,2)$ we have $frac{1}{p}+frac{1}{q}+frac{1}{r}>1$, which is the spherical case. Here we have infinitely many integer solutions for this triple. The solutions are given by a finite set of polynomial parametrisations of the equation, see the following paper:



                  F. Beukers, The diophantine equation $Ax^p + By^q = Cz^r$, Duke Math.J. 91(1998), 61-88.



                  Further Reference: The generalized Fermat equation.







                  share|cite|improve this answer














                  share|cite|improve this answer



                  share|cite|improve this answer








                  edited Dec 29 '18 at 13:46

























                  answered Dec 29 '18 at 13:14









                  Dietrich Burde

                  78k64386




                  78k64386























                      3














                      Here is one simple parameterization. We have,



                      $$x^4 +(y^2-1)^3 = (y^3+3y)^2$$



                      given the Pell equation $x^2-3y^2 =1$.






                      share|cite|improve this answer























                      • @AlexD $r=2$ in this question.
                        – Dietrich Burde
                        Dec 29 '18 at 23:34










                      • Thanks, @DietrichBurde. Let me try again: A solution to the problem here is a tuple of 3 numbers. But the parameterization here only relates $x$ and $y$. What about $z$?
                        – Alex D
                        Dec 30 '18 at 11:21










                      • @AlexD We have $X^4+Y^3=Z^2$ and $X$,$Y$,$Z$ depend on $x$ and $y$ only. So no $z$ in here, only two parameters $x,y$ here for an equation in three variables $X,Y,Z$.
                        – Dietrich Burde
                        Dec 30 '18 at 11:47












                      • Well, @DietrichBurde, you can find out more, but how can you find a general formula (solve this equation in general form), expressed in arbitrary numbers (for example) m, n, k? For example, find the top three numbers (6, 5, 29)?
                        – Yan Dashkow
                        Dec 30 '18 at 11:55










                      • @YanDashkow We find them using one of the parametrizations, see Beukers article.
                        – Dietrich Burde
                        Dec 30 '18 at 13:31


















                      3














                      Here is one simple parameterization. We have,



                      $$x^4 +(y^2-1)^3 = (y^3+3y)^2$$



                      given the Pell equation $x^2-3y^2 =1$.






                      share|cite|improve this answer























                      • @AlexD $r=2$ in this question.
                        – Dietrich Burde
                        Dec 29 '18 at 23:34










                      • Thanks, @DietrichBurde. Let me try again: A solution to the problem here is a tuple of 3 numbers. But the parameterization here only relates $x$ and $y$. What about $z$?
                        – Alex D
                        Dec 30 '18 at 11:21










                      • @AlexD We have $X^4+Y^3=Z^2$ and $X$,$Y$,$Z$ depend on $x$ and $y$ only. So no $z$ in here, only two parameters $x,y$ here for an equation in three variables $X,Y,Z$.
                        – Dietrich Burde
                        Dec 30 '18 at 11:47












                      • Well, @DietrichBurde, you can find out more, but how can you find a general formula (solve this equation in general form), expressed in arbitrary numbers (for example) m, n, k? For example, find the top three numbers (6, 5, 29)?
                        – Yan Dashkow
                        Dec 30 '18 at 11:55










                      • @YanDashkow We find them using one of the parametrizations, see Beukers article.
                        – Dietrich Burde
                        Dec 30 '18 at 13:31
















                      3












                      3








                      3






                      Here is one simple parameterization. We have,



                      $$x^4 +(y^2-1)^3 = (y^3+3y)^2$$



                      given the Pell equation $x^2-3y^2 =1$.






                      share|cite|improve this answer














                      Here is one simple parameterization. We have,



                      $$x^4 +(y^2-1)^3 = (y^3+3y)^2$$



                      given the Pell equation $x^2-3y^2 =1$.







                      share|cite|improve this answer














                      share|cite|improve this answer



                      share|cite|improve this answer








                      edited Dec 30 '18 at 2:21

























                      answered Dec 29 '18 at 14:03









                      Tito Piezas III

                      26.9k365169




                      26.9k365169












                      • @AlexD $r=2$ in this question.
                        – Dietrich Burde
                        Dec 29 '18 at 23:34










                      • Thanks, @DietrichBurde. Let me try again: A solution to the problem here is a tuple of 3 numbers. But the parameterization here only relates $x$ and $y$. What about $z$?
                        – Alex D
                        Dec 30 '18 at 11:21










                      • @AlexD We have $X^4+Y^3=Z^2$ and $X$,$Y$,$Z$ depend on $x$ and $y$ only. So no $z$ in here, only two parameters $x,y$ here for an equation in three variables $X,Y,Z$.
                        – Dietrich Burde
                        Dec 30 '18 at 11:47












                      • Well, @DietrichBurde, you can find out more, but how can you find a general formula (solve this equation in general form), expressed in arbitrary numbers (for example) m, n, k? For example, find the top three numbers (6, 5, 29)?
                        – Yan Dashkow
                        Dec 30 '18 at 11:55










                      • @YanDashkow We find them using one of the parametrizations, see Beukers article.
                        – Dietrich Burde
                        Dec 30 '18 at 13:31




















                      • @AlexD $r=2$ in this question.
                        – Dietrich Burde
                        Dec 29 '18 at 23:34










                      • Thanks, @DietrichBurde. Let me try again: A solution to the problem here is a tuple of 3 numbers. But the parameterization here only relates $x$ and $y$. What about $z$?
                        – Alex D
                        Dec 30 '18 at 11:21










                      • @AlexD We have $X^4+Y^3=Z^2$ and $X$,$Y$,$Z$ depend on $x$ and $y$ only. So no $z$ in here, only two parameters $x,y$ here for an equation in three variables $X,Y,Z$.
                        – Dietrich Burde
                        Dec 30 '18 at 11:47












                      • Well, @DietrichBurde, you can find out more, but how can you find a general formula (solve this equation in general form), expressed in arbitrary numbers (for example) m, n, k? For example, find the top three numbers (6, 5, 29)?
                        – Yan Dashkow
                        Dec 30 '18 at 11:55










                      • @YanDashkow We find them using one of the parametrizations, see Beukers article.
                        – Dietrich Burde
                        Dec 30 '18 at 13:31


















                      @AlexD $r=2$ in this question.
                      – Dietrich Burde
                      Dec 29 '18 at 23:34




                      @AlexD $r=2$ in this question.
                      – Dietrich Burde
                      Dec 29 '18 at 23:34












                      Thanks, @DietrichBurde. Let me try again: A solution to the problem here is a tuple of 3 numbers. But the parameterization here only relates $x$ and $y$. What about $z$?
                      – Alex D
                      Dec 30 '18 at 11:21




                      Thanks, @DietrichBurde. Let me try again: A solution to the problem here is a tuple of 3 numbers. But the parameterization here only relates $x$ and $y$. What about $z$?
                      – Alex D
                      Dec 30 '18 at 11:21












                      @AlexD We have $X^4+Y^3=Z^2$ and $X$,$Y$,$Z$ depend on $x$ and $y$ only. So no $z$ in here, only two parameters $x,y$ here for an equation in three variables $X,Y,Z$.
                      – Dietrich Burde
                      Dec 30 '18 at 11:47






                      @AlexD We have $X^4+Y^3=Z^2$ and $X$,$Y$,$Z$ depend on $x$ and $y$ only. So no $z$ in here, only two parameters $x,y$ here for an equation in three variables $X,Y,Z$.
                      – Dietrich Burde
                      Dec 30 '18 at 11:47














                      Well, @DietrichBurde, you can find out more, but how can you find a general formula (solve this equation in general form), expressed in arbitrary numbers (for example) m, n, k? For example, find the top three numbers (6, 5, 29)?
                      – Yan Dashkow
                      Dec 30 '18 at 11:55




                      Well, @DietrichBurde, you can find out more, but how can you find a general formula (solve this equation in general form), expressed in arbitrary numbers (for example) m, n, k? For example, find the top three numbers (6, 5, 29)?
                      – Yan Dashkow
                      Dec 30 '18 at 11:55












                      @YanDashkow We find them using one of the parametrizations, see Beukers article.
                      – Dietrich Burde
                      Dec 30 '18 at 13:31






                      @YanDashkow We find them using one of the parametrizations, see Beukers article.
                      – Dietrich Burde
                      Dec 30 '18 at 13:31













                      0














                      Above equation shown below has parameterization:



                      $x^3+y^4=z^2$



                      The below parameterization has no restriction such as the



                      Pell equation condition demonstrated by Tito Piezas.



                      $x=(p)^2(-q)^3$



                      $y=(p)(q)^2(k-1)$



                      $z=(p)^2(q)^4(2k-3)$



                      where, $p=(k-2)$ and $q=(k^2-2)$



                      For $k=3$ we get :
                      $(-343)^3+(98)^4=(7203)^2$






                      share|cite|improve this answer





















                      • I have a question: through which k you can find three solutions (x, y, z) — (6,5,29)?
                        – Yan Dashkow
                        Dec 30 '18 at 10:55


















                      0














                      Above equation shown below has parameterization:



                      $x^3+y^4=z^2$



                      The below parameterization has no restriction such as the



                      Pell equation condition demonstrated by Tito Piezas.



                      $x=(p)^2(-q)^3$



                      $y=(p)(q)^2(k-1)$



                      $z=(p)^2(q)^4(2k-3)$



                      where, $p=(k-2)$ and $q=(k^2-2)$



                      For $k=3$ we get :
                      $(-343)^3+(98)^4=(7203)^2$






                      share|cite|improve this answer





















                      • I have a question: through which k you can find three solutions (x, y, z) — (6,5,29)?
                        – Yan Dashkow
                        Dec 30 '18 at 10:55
















                      0












                      0








                      0






                      Above equation shown below has parameterization:



                      $x^3+y^4=z^2$



                      The below parameterization has no restriction such as the



                      Pell equation condition demonstrated by Tito Piezas.



                      $x=(p)^2(-q)^3$



                      $y=(p)(q)^2(k-1)$



                      $z=(p)^2(q)^4(2k-3)$



                      where, $p=(k-2)$ and $q=(k^2-2)$



                      For $k=3$ we get :
                      $(-343)^3+(98)^4=(7203)^2$






                      share|cite|improve this answer












                      Above equation shown below has parameterization:



                      $x^3+y^4=z^2$



                      The below parameterization has no restriction such as the



                      Pell equation condition demonstrated by Tito Piezas.



                      $x=(p)^2(-q)^3$



                      $y=(p)(q)^2(k-1)$



                      $z=(p)^2(q)^4(2k-3)$



                      where, $p=(k-2)$ and $q=(k^2-2)$



                      For $k=3$ we get :
                      $(-343)^3+(98)^4=(7203)^2$







                      share|cite|improve this answer












                      share|cite|improve this answer



                      share|cite|improve this answer










                      answered Dec 30 '18 at 8:19









                      Sam

                      1




                      1












                      • I have a question: through which k you can find three solutions (x, y, z) — (6,5,29)?
                        – Yan Dashkow
                        Dec 30 '18 at 10:55




















                      • I have a question: through which k you can find three solutions (x, y, z) — (6,5,29)?
                        – Yan Dashkow
                        Dec 30 '18 at 10:55


















                      I have a question: through which k you can find three solutions (x, y, z) — (6,5,29)?
                      – Yan Dashkow
                      Dec 30 '18 at 10:55






                      I have a question: through which k you can find three solutions (x, y, z) — (6,5,29)?
                      – Yan Dashkow
                      Dec 30 '18 at 10:55













                      0














                      "OP" asked for parametric solution for $(x,y,z)=(6,5,29)$ in $x^3+y^4=z^2$



                      Solution is:



                      $x=3p^3(8k^2-40k+50)$



                      $y=p^2(20k^2-104k+135)$



                      $z=p^4(2k-5)^2(116k^2-540k+621)$



                      Where, $p=(4k^2-27)$



                      For $k=(13/5)$, we get after removing common factors:



                      $6^3+5^4=29^2$






                      share|cite|improve this answer





















                      • Wait, why can't k be whole?
                        – Yan Dashkow
                        Dec 30 '18 at 19:30
















                      0














                      "OP" asked for parametric solution for $(x,y,z)=(6,5,29)$ in $x^3+y^4=z^2$



                      Solution is:



                      $x=3p^3(8k^2-40k+50)$



                      $y=p^2(20k^2-104k+135)$



                      $z=p^4(2k-5)^2(116k^2-540k+621)$



                      Where, $p=(4k^2-27)$



                      For $k=(13/5)$, we get after removing common factors:



                      $6^3+5^4=29^2$






                      share|cite|improve this answer





















                      • Wait, why can't k be whole?
                        – Yan Dashkow
                        Dec 30 '18 at 19:30














                      0












                      0








                      0






                      "OP" asked for parametric solution for $(x,y,z)=(6,5,29)$ in $x^3+y^4=z^2$



                      Solution is:



                      $x=3p^3(8k^2-40k+50)$



                      $y=p^2(20k^2-104k+135)$



                      $z=p^4(2k-5)^2(116k^2-540k+621)$



                      Where, $p=(4k^2-27)$



                      For $k=(13/5)$, we get after removing common factors:



                      $6^3+5^4=29^2$






                      share|cite|improve this answer












                      "OP" asked for parametric solution for $(x,y,z)=(6,5,29)$ in $x^3+y^4=z^2$



                      Solution is:



                      $x=3p^3(8k^2-40k+50)$



                      $y=p^2(20k^2-104k+135)$



                      $z=p^4(2k-5)^2(116k^2-540k+621)$



                      Where, $p=(4k^2-27)$



                      For $k=(13/5)$, we get after removing common factors:



                      $6^3+5^4=29^2$







                      share|cite|improve this answer












                      share|cite|improve this answer



                      share|cite|improve this answer










                      answered Dec 30 '18 at 18:09









                      Sam

                      1




                      1












                      • Wait, why can't k be whole?
                        – Yan Dashkow
                        Dec 30 '18 at 19:30


















                      • Wait, why can't k be whole?
                        – Yan Dashkow
                        Dec 30 '18 at 19:30
















                      Wait, why can't k be whole?
                      – Yan Dashkow
                      Dec 30 '18 at 19:30




                      Wait, why can't k be whole?
                      – Yan Dashkow
                      Dec 30 '18 at 19:30











                      0














                      "OP" enquired about integer coefficent's for the parametric



                      solution for the equation $(x^2+y^4=z^2)$. "OP" just needs



                      to substitute $k=(m/n)$ in the parametrization & the resulting



                      solution after removing common factors is given below.



                      $x=6(u^3)(v^2)$



                      $y=(u^2)(v)(10m-27n)$



                      $z=(u^4)(v^2)(116m^2-540mn+621n^2)$



                      And $u=(4m^2-27n^2)$ & $v=(2m-5n)$



                      For $(m,n)=(13,5)$ we get:



                      $6^3+5^4=29^2$






                      share|cite|improve this answer








                      New contributor




                      Sam is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                      Check out our Code of Conduct.























                        0














                        "OP" enquired about integer coefficent's for the parametric



                        solution for the equation $(x^2+y^4=z^2)$. "OP" just needs



                        to substitute $k=(m/n)$ in the parametrization & the resulting



                        solution after removing common factors is given below.



                        $x=6(u^3)(v^2)$



                        $y=(u^2)(v)(10m-27n)$



                        $z=(u^4)(v^2)(116m^2-540mn+621n^2)$



                        And $u=(4m^2-27n^2)$ & $v=(2m-5n)$



                        For $(m,n)=(13,5)$ we get:



                        $6^3+5^4=29^2$






                        share|cite|improve this answer








                        New contributor




                        Sam is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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                          0












                          0








                          0






                          "OP" enquired about integer coefficent's for the parametric



                          solution for the equation $(x^2+y^4=z^2)$. "OP" just needs



                          to substitute $k=(m/n)$ in the parametrization & the resulting



                          solution after removing common factors is given below.



                          $x=6(u^3)(v^2)$



                          $y=(u^2)(v)(10m-27n)$



                          $z=(u^4)(v^2)(116m^2-540mn+621n^2)$



                          And $u=(4m^2-27n^2)$ & $v=(2m-5n)$



                          For $(m,n)=(13,5)$ we get:



                          $6^3+5^4=29^2$






                          share|cite|improve this answer








                          New contributor




                          Sam is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                          Check out our Code of Conduct.









                          "OP" enquired about integer coefficent's for the parametric



                          solution for the equation $(x^2+y^4=z^2)$. "OP" just needs



                          to substitute $k=(m/n)$ in the parametrization & the resulting



                          solution after removing common factors is given below.



                          $x=6(u^3)(v^2)$



                          $y=(u^2)(v)(10m-27n)$



                          $z=(u^4)(v^2)(116m^2-540mn+621n^2)$



                          And $u=(4m^2-27n^2)$ & $v=(2m-5n)$



                          For $(m,n)=(13,5)$ we get:



                          $6^3+5^4=29^2$







                          share|cite|improve this answer








                          New contributor




                          Sam is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                          Check out our Code of Conduct.









                          share|cite|improve this answer



                          share|cite|improve this answer






                          New contributor




                          Sam is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                          Check out our Code of Conduct.









                          answered Dec 31 '18 at 11:49









                          Sam

                          1




                          1




                          New contributor




                          Sam is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
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                          New contributor





                          Sam is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                          Check out our Code of Conduct.






                          Sam is a new contributor to this site. Take care in asking for clarification, commenting, and answering.
                          Check out our Code of Conduct.






























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